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1、PHYSICALCULTUREANDSPORT.STUDIESANDRESEARCHDOI:10.2478/v10141-011-0004-xBeaSedentaryConfucianGentlemen:TheConstructionofAnti-PhysicalCulturebyChineseDynastsUsingConfucianismandtheCivilServiceExaminationJunweiYuNationalTaiwanCollegeofPhysicalEducation,TaiwanABSTRACTAlthoughtherehasbeenag
2、rowingbodyofresearchthatexploresChinesemasculinitieswithinimperialChina,theconnectionbetweenmasculinityandphysicalculturehasbeenneglected.Inthisarticle,theauthorarguesthatChineseemperorsusedConfucianismandthecivilserviceexamination(keju)torulethecountry,andatthesametime,createdasocialg
3、roupofsedentarygentlemenwhosestudiousnessandbookishnesswereworshipedbythepublic.Inparticular,thepoliticalinstitutionofkejuplayedacrucialroleindiscipliningthebody.BehaviorthatdidnotconformtotheConfucianstandardswhichstressedcivilityandeducationwereconsideredbarbaric.Asaresult,awen-versi
4、onofmasculinitywasconstructed.Inotherwords,ananti-physicalculturethatstrengthenedthegrosscontempttowardsthosewhochosetoengageinphysicallabor.KEYWORDSChina,confucianism,gentleman,physicalculture,civilserviceexaminationCurrentWesternidealsofhowmenshouldbehavehavedominatedthestandardsetti
5、ngdiscourseagainstwhichotherformsofmasculinityaremeasuredandevaluated.Setagainstthe‘macho’stereotypecirculatingintheWest,imagesofChinesemendonotconformtothistypeofmasculinity,andthesameassociationsofmanlinessdonotexist.Yetpre-modernChinesehavenonethelesssoughttodefinethenormativeidealo
6、fmalebehavior,asthisarticlewilldemonstrate.Therefore,masculinityisneveramonolithicconcept.Indeed,themeaningofmasculinityisneithertranshistoricalnorculturallyuniversal,andshouldtakeintoaccountnon-westernpossibilities,inthiscase,Confucianismandthetailor-madecivilserviceexamination(keju).
7、Thearticleisdividedintofourmainsections.Firstly,theliteratureconcerningChinesemasculinityinimperialChinawillbereviewed,followedbytheauthor’sargumentconcerningthewen-wuparadigm,inwhichthegentlemenisseenastheidealmodel,towhicheveryChinesemaleshouldaspire.Secondly,thewayinwhichsuccessiv
