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1、ARTICLESAntitrust,Vol.32,No.1,Fall2017.©2017bytheAmericanBarAssociation.Reproducedwithpermission.Allrightsreserved.Thisinformationoranyportionthereofmaynotbecopiedordisseminatedinanyformorbyanymeansorstoredinanelectronicdatabaseorretrievalsystemwithouttheexpres
2、swrittenconsentoftheAmericanBarAssociation.AlgorithmicCollusionTheImplicationsofSomeapplicationsofantitrustlawintheageofmachineswillbefamiliar.Forexample,theDepartmentofJusticerecentlyprosecutedtwoe-commercesellersforagreeingtoaligntheirAlgorithmicPricingforpri
3、cingalgorithmstoincreaseonlinepricesforposters.2Inthatcase,UnitedStatesv.Topkins,thehumansreachedanCoordinatedEffectsexplicitagreementtousetechnologytofixprices.Theappli-cationofantitrustlawtothatagreementwasstraightfor-ward.AnalysisandAsalgorithmsandthesoftwar
4、erunningthembecomemoresophisticated,however,coordinatedbehaviormaybecomemorecommonwithoutexplicit“instruction”byPriceDiscriminationhumans.Challengingconductwheretheroleofhumansindecisionmakingislessclearmaybemoredifficultundercur-rentlaw.3Forexample,whileexpres
5、scollusionisillegal,mereMarketsinAntitrustconsciousparallelismisnot.4SeparatingonefromtheothercanprovedifficultevenwhendealingwithsolelyhumanEnforcementdecisionmaking.ProfessorSalilMehrasuggeststhattheriseof“robo-sellers”maymakethetaskmoredifficultstill:anumber
6、ofcurrentinquiriesusedtodistinguishconsciousBYTERRELLMCSWEENYANDBRIANO’DEAparallelismfromexpresscollusionwillbeoflimiteduseinthemachinecontext.Conceptssuchas“intent”and“meetingoftheminds,”hewrites,“presupposequintessentiallyhumanmentalstates”andthus“mayproveles
7、susefulindealingHENCONGRESSENACTEDTHEwithcomputersoftwareandhardware.”5ShermanandClaytonActsoveracenturyAlgorithmsMightContributetoOvertCollusion.Theago,theterm“robot”didnotexist.1ThedefendantsinTopkinsusedpricingalgorithmsasaninstru-Wframersofourantitrustlawsw
8、ouldlikelymenttofacilitateapre-arrangedpricefixingconspiracy.6Inbeamazedbytheincreasinglypowerfulandtheirrecentbook,VirtualCompetition,ProfessorsArielautonomoustechnologies,
