The Implications of Algorithmic Pricing for Coordinated Effects Analysis and Price Discrimination Markets in Antitrust Enforcement英文资料

The Implications of Algorithmic Pricing for Coordinated Effects Analysis and Price Discrimination Markets in Antitrust Enforcement英文资料

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1、ARTICLESAntitrust,Vol.32,No.1,Fall2017.©2017bytheAmericanBarAssociation.Reproducedwithpermission.Allrightsreserved.Thisinformationoranyportionthereofmaynotbecopiedordisseminatedinanyformorbyanymeansorstoredinanelectronicdatabaseorretrievalsystemwithouttheexpres

2、swrittenconsentoftheAmericanBarAssociation.AlgorithmicCollusionTheImplicationsofSomeapplicationsofantitrustlawintheageofmachineswillbefamiliar.Forexample,theDepartmentofJusticerecentlyprosecutedtwoe-commercesellersforagreeingtoaligntheirAlgorithmicPricingforpri

3、cingalgorithmstoincreaseonlinepricesforposters.2Inthatcase,UnitedStatesv.Topkins,thehumansreachedanCoordinatedEffectsexplicitagreementtousetechnologytofixprices.Theappli-cationofantitrustlawtothatagreementwasstraightfor-ward.AnalysisandAsalgorithmsandthesoftwar

4、erunningthembecomemoresophisticated,however,coordinatedbehaviormaybecomemorecommonwithoutexplicit“instruction”byPriceDiscriminationhumans.Challengingconductwheretheroleofhumansindecisionmakingislessclearmaybemoredifficultundercur-rentlaw.3Forexample,whileexpres

5、scollusionisillegal,mereMarketsinAntitrustconsciousparallelismisnot.4SeparatingonefromtheothercanprovedifficultevenwhendealingwithsolelyhumanEnforcementdecisionmaking.ProfessorSalilMehrasuggeststhattheriseof“robo-sellers”maymakethetaskmoredifficultstill:anumber

6、ofcurrentinquiriesusedtodistinguishconsciousBYTERRELLMCSWEENYANDBRIANO’DEAparallelismfromexpresscollusionwillbeoflimiteduseinthemachinecontext.Conceptssuchas“intent”and“meetingoftheminds,”hewrites,“presupposequintessentiallyhumanmentalstates”andthus“mayproveles

7、susefulindealingHENCONGRESSENACTEDTHEwithcomputersoftwareandhardware.”5ShermanandClaytonActsoveracenturyAlgorithmsMightContributetoOvertCollusion.Theago,theterm“robot”didnotexist.1ThedefendantsinTopkinsusedpricingalgorithmsasaninstru-Wframersofourantitrustlawsw

8、ouldlikelymenttofacilitateapre-arrangedpricefixingconspiracy.6Inbeamazedbytheincreasinglypowerfulandtheirrecentbook,VirtualCompetition,ProfessorsArielautonomoustechnologies,

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