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1、REVIEWSpermatogenesis2:1,1–12;January/February/March2012;G2012LandesBioscienceModelsofinvitrospermatogenesis1232,DamienHunter,RavinderAnand-Ivell,SandraDannerandRichardIvell*1SchoolofAnimalandVeterinarySciences;UniversityofAdelaide;Adelaide,SAAustralia;2LeibnizInstituteforFarmAnimalResearch;Dum
2、merstorf,Germany;3FraunhoferResearchInstitutionforMarineBiotechnology;Lübeck,Germanyhasalsobeendevelopmentofgermcellmonoculturesandco-Understandingthemechanismsthatleadtothedifferentiationofmalegermcellsfromtheirspermatogonialstemcellscultures.Thesecomparativelyminimalisticcultures,whilelessthr
3、oughmeiosistogiverisetomaturehaploidspermatozoatruetotheinvivosituation,reduceculturecomplexity,whichinhasbeenamajorquestformanydecades.Unlikemostotherturnaidstheexaminationandunderstandingoftesticularcelltypesthisdifferentiationprocessismoreorlesscom-paracrineinteractions.However,noneofthecurr
4、entminimalpletelydependentuponthecellsbeinglocatedwithinthesystemshaveyetbeenabletoinducemeioticdivisionandstronglystructurednicheprovidedbymatureSertolicellssubsequentdifferentiationofspermatogoniaintofullyfunctionalwithinanintactseminiferousepithelium.Whilemuchnewmaturespermatozoa,andtherebym
5、imickingtheinvivosituation.informationiscurrentlybeingobtainedthroughtheapplica-However,usingamorecomplexorganculturesystemcomprisingtionanddescriptionofrelevantgenemutations,thereisstillaneonataltestisfragments,Satoandcolleagueshavefinallybeenconsiderableneedforinvitromodelswithwhichtoexplorea
6、bletoachieveproductionoffunctionalspermatozoafromthemechanismsinvolved.Notonlyaresystemsofinvitro3spermatogonia.Mostly,minimalculturespossessthecapacitytospermatogenesisimportantforunderstandingthebasicscience,theyhavemarkedpragmaticvalueinofferingexvivoinduceeitherproductionormaturationofhaplo
7、idspermatids,butsystemsfortheartificialmaturationofimmaturegermcellsnotboth.Thisarticlelooksatthevariousapproachesinusebyfrommaleinfertilitypatients,aswellasprovidingopportun-researchersattemptingtoaddressthisproblem.itiesforthetr
