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1、《医学免疫学》二、免疫学发展简史一、免疫的基本概念、功能和类型免疫学概论三、免疫学的分类免疫immunity指机体对“自己”或“非已”的识别,并排除“非已”以保持体内内环境稳定的一种生理反应。一、免疫的基本概念、功能和类型免疫功能：免疫防御immunologicdefence免疫自稳immunologichomostasis免疫监视immunologicsurveillance免疫应答immuneresponse抗原~430B.C:PeloponnesianWar,Thucydidesdescribesplaguetheoneswhohadrecoveredfromthediseas

2、ecouldnursethesickwithoutgettingthediseaseasecondtime.Itwasalsoclearthatthisresistancewasspecifictotheplaguediseaseonly.Thusthespecificityandmemoryofimmunitywasrecognizedlongago.Thenotionofimmunitytodiseaseisancient1．经验免疫学时期二、免疫学发展简史ThenotionofimmunitytodiseaseisancientSmallpoxisacontagiousando

3、ftendeadlydisease.Day7Day3Day5天花病毒Poxvirus天花11thcenturry:Chineseusedriedcrustsofsmallpoxas“vaccine”survivedsmallpoxbecameimmunetoit;deliberatelyinfectingpeoplewithmildformsofsmallpoxcouldpreventinfectingwithmoredeadlyformsandprovidelifelongprotection.TheancientChineseobservedthat:Immunizationsh

4、avebeencarriedoutforalongtimeImmunizationshavebeencarriedoutforalongtimeVariolationwasanancientfolkpracticeofvaccinationtosmallpox.ItpracticedthroughoutAsia,Africa,andpartsofEurope.Essentially,itfollowedaprocedure:blistersfromdiseasedskincarryingvirusfromasmallpoxvictimwasinnoculatedintheskinor

5、nose.TheprecursortothemodernvaccinewasbasedontheworkofJenner,whoshowedin1798thatpustulesfromcowsdiseasedwithcowpoxhadthesamesmallpoxprotectiveeffect.In1789,NoticedthatmilkmaidesthathadcontractedcowpoxdidNOTgetsmallpoxIn1796,Testonan8yearoldboy,injectedcowpoxintohimFollowedbyexposuretosmallpoxIn

6、1798,Vaccinewasinvented(latinvaccameans”cow”)1798:EdwardJenner–smallpoxvaccine(1)人工主动免疫和被动免疫的开创主动免疫（activeimmunity）1880年，法国LouisPasteur等研制减毒活疫苗(attenuatedvaccine).鸡霍乱弧菌减毒活疫苗炭疽杆菌减毒活疫苗狂犬病病毒活疫苗2、科学免疫时期免疫学科形成和发展时期被动免疫（passiveimmunity）1890年德国学者VonBehring等——白喉抗毒素.抗体.血清学与体液免疫学说VonBehringActiveimmunit

7、yandpassiveimmunity(2)免疫应答机制的研究1890年，细胞免疫（cellularimmunity）——俄国ElieMetchnikoff等1897年，体液免疫（humoralimmunity）——德国PaulEhrlich等1903年，调理作用的证实，统一细胞学说与体液学说——AlmrothE.Wright等(3)抗原与抗原表位1910年Landsteiner利用偶氮蛋白人工抗原，研究发现化学基是抗原抗体反应特异性的物质基础。抗原表位/