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1、Insec.4.3wehavementionedthatinordertokeeptheangleoftwomirrorsunchanged,thetwomirrorsareusuallymadeonacommonglass.4.4prism(棱镜)anditsunfolding(展开)Thesekindsofopticalelementsarecalledprisms.Theprisminfig.4.9iscalledPentaprism(五角棱镜)Fig.4.10showstheappearan

2、ceofaright-angleprism.Itisatrianglecylinder(三角柱体).Theplaneorsectionwhichisperpendiculartoeachprismiscalledmainsection(主截面).Therayslieinthemainsectionwillliestillinthesamesectionafterpassingthroughtheprism.Fig.4.10＊BasicdefinitionBACOpticalaxis:ABCLengt

3、hofABC:AB+BCGeometricallengthofaxisIncidentface：ACEmergingface：BCWorkingface：AC,BC,ABRidge楞：theintersectionlineofworkingfaceMainsection(主截面,光轴截面)：ABCfaceBACOpticalaxis：themiddlelineofworkingfacePrincipalsection：2ComplexPrism＊EquivalentactionofprismF′FP

4、FIncidentfaceEmergingfaceFF'IncidentfaceEmergingface＊ConclusionEquivalentactionofaprisminopticalsystemcorrespondswithaparellelglassboard（平行平板）＊unfoldingofprismThismethod,unfoldingtheprism,cancelingthereflectionandreplacingprism’srefractionsbyglassblock

5、’srefraction,iscalledprismunfolding.把棱镜的光轴截面沿着它的反射面展开，取消棱镜的反射，以平行玻璃板的折射代替棱镜折射的方法称为“棱镜的展开”。Theprismmustbedemandedtomeettworequirements:Afterunfoldingtheprism,thetwofacesoftheglassblockmustbeparalleltoeachother.(棱镜展开后玻璃板的两个表面必须平行)Whentheprismlocatesincon

6、vergingrays,theaxismustbeperpendiculartobothincidentandemergentfaces.(如果棱镜位于会聚光束中，则光轴必须和棱镜的入射及出射表面相垂直）Methodsofunfolding:按入射光线的顺序，以反射面为镜面，求其对称像，并依次画出反射棱镜的展开图。简单说：逐个作出棱镜经反射面所成的像ABCOSS’C’Example1CABB’A’SS’S’’Example2＊Sometipicalprisms4.4.1Right-anglepris

7、mACBA’O1O2O3Theright-angleprismcandeviatetheaxisthroughanyangleFig.4.1α90°-α/2deviatedtheaxisthroughαFig.4.2Isoscelesprism4.4.2Pentaprism(五角棱镜)ABCDEL:thelengthoftheaxis光轴长度D:Themaximumaperture通光口径90°4.5roofsurfacesandroofprisms(屋脊面和屋脊棱镜)Right-anglepris

8、mRoofprism两个互相垂直的反射面称为屋脊面Inordertogetanimagesimilartotheobject,twosurfacesat90°whoseintersectionliesinthehypotenuse(斜边)canbeusedtoreplaceoneofthereflectingsurfaces.Thesespecialsurfacesarecalledroofsurfaces(屋脊面).Aprismcontainingroofsurfa