Intrdouction to intensional logic Ch5.1-5.2英文学习资料

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1、IntroductiontoIntensionalLogicLing406/802ReadMeaningandGrammar,Ch.5.1-5.21TowardsIntensionalSemantics•Extensionalsemanticsthatmodelsthemeaningofsentencesbasedontheextensionsoflinguisticexpressionsislimitedandcannothandletheseintensionalconstructions.•Whatiscommonin

2、theseintensionalconstructionsisthattheycallforaconsiderationofextensionsthatanexpressionmayhaveincircumstancesotherthantheoneinwhichitisevaluated.ThisiscalledanINTENSIONofalinguisticexpression.•Inordertogetattheintensions,weneedtoconsideralternativewaysinwhichthewo

3、rldmighthavebeen,alternativesetsofcircumstances,orPOSSIBLEWORLDS.•TheframeworkthatmodelsthemeaningofsentencesbasedontheintensionsoflinguisticexpressionsiscalledINTENSIONALSEMANTICSorPOSSIBLE-WORLDSSEMANTICS.2PossibleWorldsandIntensions•Possibleworldsarepossiblecirc

4、umstancesinwhichsome(orall)eventsorstatesaredifferentfromwhattheyinfactareintheactualcircumstance.wwwMatandSuearefunnySue,PeteandJohnarefunnyMatandPetearefunnySueistallSueistallSueisnottallStevensonisthepres.ofSFUAndersonisthepres.ofSFUAndersonisthepres.ofSFU•Wi

5、sasetofallpossibleworlds.W={w,w,w,...}•TheintensionofasentenceS:proposition(e.g.,Matisfunny)Thesetofpossibleworldsinwhichitistrue.Functionfrompossibleworldstotruthvalues.w→w→w→p=w→...3PossibleWorldsandIntensions(cont.)•TheintensionofaVP

6、:property(e.g.,isfunny)Functionfrompossibleworldstosetsofindividualsw→{Mat,Sue}w→{Sue,Pete,John}w→{Mat,Pete}[[isfunny]]=w→{Sue,John,Pete}...•TheintensionofanNP:individualconcept(e.g.,thepresidentofSFU)Functionfrompossibleworldstoindividu

7、alsw→Stevensonw→Andersonw→Anderson[[thepresidentofSFU]]=w→Pete...4PossibleWorlds,TenseandIntensions•Toincorporatetense,weneedtoconsiderpossibleworldsatdifferenttimes.Thatis,wewillwanttoconsidernotjustpossibleworlds,butpossibleworld-timep

8、airs(circumstances).W={,,...,,...,,...}•Proposition:asetofpossibleworld-timepairs,orafunctionfrompossibleworld-timepa