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1、GreekArchitecture希腊建筑 IthasbeensaidthatcaptiveGreececonqueredvictoriousRome,and,aswehaveseen,theRomansadoptedmanyideasinpaintingandsculpturefromtheGreeks．RomantempleswerealsostronglyinfluencedbyGreekprototypes.Greekcolumnswerebuiltinthreestyles:Doric,Ionic,Corinthian.
2、Etruscans伊特拉斯坎人Etruscans,whoactuallydominatedearlyRomeandprovideditskings.ItisnotknownhowtheEtruscanscametooccupythenorthernterritoryofItaly.TheyarenotofIndo-EuropeanoriginandtheymostlikelycamefromtheNearEastifnottheorient.Imanyrespects,thecultureoftheEtruscanswasverysimil
3、artothatofMycenaeinGreece.Theircities,twelveinnumber,wereautonomouslikethecity-statesofArchaicGreeceandwerecombinedinalooseorganizationwhichhistorianshavereferredtoastheEtruscansConfederacy.Asapeople,theEtruscansplayedhardandworkedhard.theywerenotacontemplativepeople,butwe
4、realwaysbusy.theywerepracticalandrealistic,whichbecameatypicalromantrait.TheRomanPoliticalsystem罗马政治体系theandRomansystem,likethoseofAthensandSparta,hadthreemajorpoliticalcomponents,whichtendedtooffsetandbalanceeachother.Firstweretheexecutives,whowerecalledconsulsandhadsupre
5、mecivilandmilitaryauthority.Secondcamethesenate(meaning“councilofelders”)anadvisorybodyofelderstatesmenandheadsofclans.Third,therewerepopularassembliesofcitizens.Mainlythreeassemblies:theAssemblyofCenturies,theAssemblyoftribes,andtheAssemblyofCuriae.The Struggleoftheorders
6、Oneofthemostimportantaspectoftheearlyhistoryoftheromanrepublicwasthe“The Struggleoftheorders”------astruggle(斗争)betweenthepatricians(贵族们)andplebeians（贫民们）.Thepatricianswereasmallgroupofcitizensrepresentinglessthan10percentofRome’spopulation.Greeksculptureinthe5thcenturyB.C
7、希腊雕塑Greeksculptorsinthe5thcenturyBChadlearnedtorepresentthehumanbodynaturallyandeasily,inactionoratrest,whichdepartedwidelyfromtheratherrigidformoftheearlierkouros.Buttherealismwastouchedwithidealqualities:theartiststriedtopresenttheimageofmenandwomenintheirperfection.This
8、idealizedrealismappearsinabronzestatueofZeusabouttohurlamissile.Thebodyisperfect,thelefta
