微生物专业英语chater 1

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1、微生物学教案Chapter1TheIntroductionofMicrobiology　Chapter1Theintroductionofmicrobiology　　第1章绪论　　Microbiology（微生物学）：Microbiologyisspecializedareaofbiologythatdealswithlivingthingsordinarilytoosmalltobeseenwiththenakedeyes.　　Microorganisms（微生物，microbe）：Microorganismsaredefinedastheorgani

2、smsthataresosmallthat，normally，itcannotbeseenwithouttheuseofamocriscope.　　Thewordisthereforeusedtodescribevirus，bacreria，fungi，protozoomandsomealgae.　　Bacteria（细菌）：Bacteriaaresomesmall，singlecelleorganisms.Becausetheyhavenonucleus，thecellsaredescribedasprokaryotes.　　Fungi（真菌）：Fun

3、gi（mushrooms（蘑菇），molds（霉菌），andyeasts）haveeukaryotic（真核的）cells（withatruenucleus）。Mostfungiaremulticellular.Fungiobtainnutrientsbyabsorbingorganicmaterialfromtheirenvironment.　　Protozoom（原生动物）：Protozoansareunicellulareucaryotesandareclassifiedaccordingtotheirmeansoflocomotion.Proto

4、zoansobtainnourishmentbyabsorptionoringestionthroughspecializedstructures.　　Algae（藻类）：Alageareunicellularormulticellulareukaryotesthatobtainnourishmentbyphotosynthesis.Algaeproduceoxygenandcarbohydratesthatareusedbyotherorganisms.　　Viruses（病毒）：Virusesarenoncellularentitiesthatare

5、parasitesofcells.Virusesconsistofanucleicacidcore（DNAorRNA）surroundedbyaproteincoat.Anenvelopemaysurroundthecoat.　　Abriefhistoryofmicrobiology　　Thescienceofmicrobiologydidnotstartuntiltheinventionofthemicroscopeinthemid16thcenturyanditwasnotuntilthelate17thcenturythatAntoinevanLe

6、euwenhoekmadetheirfirstrecordsoffungi，bacteriaandprotozoa.　　Thelate19thcenturywasthetimewhenthefirstrealbreakthroughsontheroleofmicrobesintheenvironmentandmedicineweremade.LouisPasteurdisprovedthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration（自然发生）（thatlivingorganismsspontaneouslyarosefrominorgan

7、icmaterial）andRobertKoch'sdevelopmentofpureculturetechniquesallowedhimtoshowunequivocallythatabacteriumwasresponsibleforaparticulardisease.Sincethenthesciencehasgrowndramaticallyasmicrobiologyimpingesonallaspectsoflifeandtheenvironment.　　1.Antonvanleeuwenhoek，usingasimplemicrosco

8、pe，wasthefristtoobservemicroorganisms（16