人工智能：拥有不同于人类思维的机器

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1、人工智能：拥有不同于人类思维的机器Artificialintelligence:ThemachineswithalienmindsOursmartestmachineslooknothinglikewepredicted–hasthefieldlostitsway,ordoweneedtorethinkwhatAIactuallymeans,asksTomChatfield.Wouldmodernartificialintelligenceliveuptothedreamsofthefield’sfounders?Perhapsnot.Butinmanyways,th

2、esmartestmachineswehavebuiltareentitiestheynevercouldhaveimagined.In1956,attendeesofaresearchcampatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshirecoinedthephrase"artificialintelligence"todescribeitseffortsto“findhowtomakemachinesuselanguage,formabstractionsandconcepts,solvekindsofproblemsnowreservedforh

3、umans,andimprovethemselves.”ComparethatwiththeAIprojectthatFacebookannouncedthismonth.Underoneoftheworld’smostprominentexperts,itwill“doworld-classartificial-intelligenceresearchusingalloftheknowledgethatpeoplehavesharedonFacebook”–withpotentialgainsincludingbuilding“servicesthataremuch

4、morenaturaltointeractwith.”Whatdoesthatmean?LikemuchofmodernAI,theywillbetrainingalgorithmstosiftandanalyseunimaginablyvastamountsofdatainthehopethatsmartanswerswillemerge.Google,IBMandmanyothersarenowusingthistechnique–calledmachinelearning–togreatcommercialsuccess,andthe“intelligence”

5、theycreateunderpinseverythingfromyourinternetsearchestoonlinelanguagetranslation.Sincethecalculationsofthesemachinesinvolvesmakingstatisticalcorrelationswithinhugecachesofdata,theirreasoningcanbeunfathomabletothehumanmind–oftenthesesystemsprovideapparentlyintelligentanswers,butnobodyhas

6、anyideahowtheycametotheirconclusions.YeteventhemostadvancedformsofmachineintelligencecannothopetopassforahumaninTuring’sfamoustest–letaloneusenaturallanguageordevelopconceptsthemselves,asthepioneershoped.Morethanhalfacenturyofresearchhasbroughtusafarmoresophisticatedgraspofwhatmachinein

7、telligencelookslike–buthasitlostitsway?OrdoweneedtoreframeourideasaboutwhatthetermAIactuallymeans?OnepersonwhobelievesprogressinAIhasfallenshortinmanywaysistheauthorandacademicDouglasHoftstadter–mostfamousforhisPulitzer-Prize-winning1979bookGödel,Escher,Bach–whoinarecentprofile