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1、弗兰西斯·培根（1561～1626）弗兰西斯·培根，英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散作家、哲学家。他不但在文学、哲学上多有建树，在自然科学领域里，也取得了重大成就。培根是一位经历了诸多磨难的贵族子弟，复杂多变的生活经历丰富了他的阅历，随之而来的，使他的思想成熟，言论深邃，富含哲理。人们完全可以说弗朗西斯·培根是一位真正的现代哲学家。他的整个世界观是现世的而不是宗教的（虽然他坚信上帝）。他是一位理性主义者而不是迷信的崇拜者，是一位经验论者而不是诡辩学者。在政治上，他是一位现实主义者而不是理论家。他那渊博的学识连同精彩的文笔与科学和技术相共
2、鸣。FrancisBacon（1561～1626）FrancisBacon,Englishphilosopherandstatesman,oneofthepioneersofmodernscientificthought.BaconwaseducatedatTrinityCollege,UniversityofCambridge.ElectedtotheHouseofCommonsin1584,heserveduntil1614.HewrotelettersofsoundadvicetoElizabethI,queenofEngl
3、and,buthissuggestionswereneverimplemented,andhecompletelylostfavorwiththequeenin1593,whenheopposedabillforaroyalsubsidy.Heregainedtherespectofthecourt,however,withtheaccessionofJamesItotheEnglishthronein1603.BaconproposedschemesfortheunionofEnglandandScotlandandrecomm
4、endedmeasuresfordealingwithRomanCatholics.FortheseeffortshewasknightedonJuly23,1603,wasmadeacommissionerfortheunionofScotlandandEngland,andwasgivenapensionin1604.HisAdvancementofLearningwaspublishedandpresentedtothekingin1605.Twoyearslaterhewasappointedsolicitorgenera
5、l.InthelastsessionofthefirstParliamentheld(February1611)underJamesI,thedifferencesbetweenCrownandCommonsgrewcritical,andBacontooktheroleofmediator,despitehisdistrustofJames'schiefminister,RobertCecil,1stearlofSalisbury.OnSalisbury'sdeathin1612,Bacon,inordertogaintheki
6、ng'sattention,wroteseveralpapersonstatecraft,particularlyonrelationsbetweenCrownandCommons.In1613hewasappointedattorneygeneral.In1616Baconbecameaprivycouncillor,andin1618hewasappointedlordchancellorandraisedtothepeerageasBaronVerulam.In1620hisNovumOrganumwaspublished,
7、andonJanuary26,1621,hewascreatedViscountSaintAlbans.InthesameyearhewaschargedbyParliamentwithacceptingbribes.Heconfessedbutsaidthathewas“heartilyandpenitentlysorry.”Hesubmittedhimselftothewillofhisfellowpeers,whoorderedhimfined,imprisonedduringtheking'spleasure,andban
8、ishedfromParliamentandthecourt.Afterhisrelease,heretiredtohisfamilyresidenceatGorhambury.InSeptember1621thekingpardonedhimbu
