经济学原理重要概念

《经济学原理重要概念》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、PrinciplesofeconomicsChapter1TenPrincipalsofEconomicsHowpeoplemakedecisionsPrinciple1:peoplefacetradeoffsPrinciple2:thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetitPrinciple3:rationalpeoplethinkatthemarginPrinciple4:peoplerespondtoincentivesHowpeopleinteractPrin

2、ciple5:tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroffPrinciple6:marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivityPrinciple7:governmentscansometimeimprovemarketoutcomesHowtheeconomyasawholeworksPrinciple8:acountry’sstandardoflivingdependsonitsabilitytoproducegoodsandser

3、vicesPrinciple9:pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoneyPrinciple10:societyfacesashort-termtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment1.Scarcity:societyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave2.Economics:thestud

4、yofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources3.Classictradeoffs:gunsandbutter,efficiencyandequity4.Efficiency:thepropertyofthesocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources5.Equity:thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety6.Opp

5、ortunitycost:whatevermustbegiventoobtainsomeitem7.Marginalchanges:smallincrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplanofaction8.Whenanalyzinganypolicy,wemustconsidernotonlythedirecteffectsbutalsotheindirecteffectsthatworkthroughincentives9.Centralplanning:thecent

6、ralplannersinthegovernmentwereinthebestpositiontoguideeconomicactivity10.Marketeconomy:aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices11.Whenthegovernmentpreventspricesfroma

7、djustingnormallytosupplyanddemand,itimpedestheinvisiblehand’sabilitytocoordinatethemillionsoffirmsandhouseholdsthatmakeuptheeconomy;buttheinvisiblehandneedsgovernmenttoprotectit.Thegovernmentcanalsopromoteefficiencyandequity.12.Marketfailure:asituationin

8、whichthemarketonitsownfailstoproduceanefficientallocationofresources13.Externality:theimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander,whichmaycausemarketfailure14.Marketpower:theabilityofasingleeconomicactororsmallgr