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1、2000年10月TOEFL试题SectionThree:ReadingComprehensionQuestions1-10Oneareaofpaleoanthropologicalstudyinvolvestheeatinganddietaryhabitsofhominids,erectbipedalprimates—includingearlyhumans.Itisclearthatatsomestageofhistory,humansbegantocarrytheirfoodtocentralplaces,calledhomebases,wherei
2、twassharedandconsumedwiththeyoungandotheradults.Theuseofhomebasesisafundamentalcomponentofhumansocialbehavior;thecommonmealservedatacommonhearthisapowerfulsymbol,amarkofsocialunity.Homebasebehaviordoesnotoccuramongnonhumanprimatesandisrareamongmammals.Itisunclearwhenhumansbeganto
3、usehomebases,whatkindofcommunicationsandsocialrelationswereinvolved,andwhattheecologicalandfood-choicecontextsoftheshiftwere.Workonearlytools,surveysofpaleoanthropologicalsites,developmentandtestingofbroadecologicaltheories,andadvancesincomparativeprimatologyarecontributingtoknow
4、ledgeaboutthiscentralchapterinhumanprehistory.Oneinnovativeapproachtotheseissuesinvolvesstudyingdamageandwearonstonetools.Researchersmaketoolsthatreplicateexcavatedspecimensascloselyaspossibleandthentrytousethemastheoriginalsmighthavebeenused,inwoodcutting,hunting,orcultivation.D
5、ependingonhowthetoolisused,characteristicchippagepatternsandmicroscopicallydistinguishablepolishesdevelopneartheedges.Thefirstapplicationofthismethodofanalysistostonetoolsthatare1.5millionto2millionyearsoldindicatesthat,fromthestart,animportantfunctionofearlystonetoolswastoextrac
6、thighlynutritiousfood—meatandmarrow-fromlargeanimalcarcasses.Fossilboneswithcutmarkscausedbystonetoolshavebeendiscoveredlyinginthesame2-million-year-oldlayersthatyieldedtheoldestsuchtoolsandtheoldesthominidspecimens(includinghumans)withlargerthanape-sizedbrains.Thisdiscoveryincre
7、asesscientists'certaintyaboutwhenhumanancestorsbegantoeatmoremeatthanpresent-daynonhumanprimates.Butseveralquestionsremainunanswered:howfrequentlymeateatingoccurred;whatthesocialimplicationsofmeateatingwere;andwhethertheincreaseduseofmeatcoincideswiththebeginningsoftheuseofhomeba
8、ses.81.Thepassagemainlydiscusseswhichoft
