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1、第二单元英语基本构词法1.MorphemesSomebasicinformationaboutmorphemesmorpheme词素、语素、形位:Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.2Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.Structurall
2、y,however,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintosmallermeaningfulunits.Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.WhatisusuallyconsideredasinglewordinEnglishmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemes:3ExamplesOnemorpheme:nationTwomorphemes:nation-alThreemor
3、phemes:nation-al-izeFourmorphemes:de-nation-al-izeFivemorphemes:de-nation-al-iz-ationantidisestablishmentarianism(28letters)反对教会与国家分开学说Sixmorphemes:anti-,dis-,establish,ment,-arian(…派的(人),…主义的(人)),-ism.4B.AllomorphsAnallomorph(词素变体)isanyofthevariantforms
4、ofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Forexample:Aprefixlikein-hasseveralvariants,itsallomorphsare:5im-beforep,b,orm(imperfect,imbalance,immobile,butinput,impatient,inpatient);ir-beforer(irregular,irresponsible);il-beforel(illogical,illegal
5、);in-beforeallotherconsonantsandvowels(inflexible,incomplete).6theallomorphsofthe“negative”morpheme:un-,in-,dis-,non,a-,…theallomorphsofthe“plurality”morpheme:-s,-es,en,-i,…,theallomorphsofthe“pastparticiple”morpheme:-ed,en,…allophone:pot,spot,kill,skill
6、,top,stop:/th//t/apple,lake:/l
7、/ł/执著执着72.ClassificationsofMorphemesA.FreemorphemesandboundmorphemesFreemorphemeandboundmorpheme自由语素/粘着语素Afreemorphemecanoccuraloneinasentence.e.g.man,earth,wind,faith,red,write,….Aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfinasentenc
8、e.Ithasattachedmeaning(un-kind,hope-ful)orgrammaticalmeaning(cat-s,slow-ly,walk-ing,call-ed,tall-er).Itisboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.8B.RootsandaffixesAlternatively,morphemesmaybedividedintorootsandaffixes.1.Roots:Thebaseformofawordthatcannotfurther
9、beanalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Itisthepartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Nakedwithcapandshoestakenoff?e.g.internationalization---nation.(a)Freeroots:boy,moon,walk,black(b)Boundroots:-ceiveinconceive,deceive
