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1、1.Synthetic:characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.2.Analytic:characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionword,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.3.表达语法关系三大手段：morphol
2、ogicchange(形态变化)，wordorder,functionword(虚词)4.英汉表达方法的差异：英语有形态变化，汉语无。(英语conjugation,declension,affixation,有严格规则，汉语悟性思维)英语语序灵活，汉语相对固定。（英语语序倒置现象：结构性，功能性，汉语功能性居多；汉语定语在名词前，英语定语灵活；英语充分利用三大语法手段，straightline,deductive,genera-to-specific,汉语circularline,inductive）英汉都有大量虚词，各有特点（英语常使用定/不
3、定冠词；汉语常使用助词；英常用介词，汉少用；英用并列从属的连接词）英语是语调语言（intonation）,汉声调语言（tone）（intonation,stress,汉音节匀称，成双成对）5.Hypotactic(形合)：thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives.英语常用6.Paratactic（意合）:thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingthere
4、lationbetweenthem.汉语常用7.Parataxisreferstothesituationwheretheconnectionbetweenwordsorclausesisrealizedbymeaningorthelogicalrelation;whilehypotaxisreferstothesituationwheretheconnectionisrealizedbymeansoflinguisticform.8.英语的形合法：relativesandconjunctions;prepositions;othermeans
5、ofconnection;inflection(internalform,additiveform,externalform)作者责任型语言writer-responsible9.汉语意合法：wordorder;repetition,parallelism,contrast;contractedsentences;four-characterpattern;读者责任型reader-responsible10.关于形合，意合和文体：英语形合句多，汉语意合句多，数量与文体密切相关；书面语形合句比口语多；现代汉语形合句比古汉语多；现代庄重文体科技文体
6、论述文体形合句多。11.英语impersonal,汉语personal:英语非人称主语inanimatesubject/it：preparatory,unspecified,emphatic,汉语人称主语；英语常用被动式，非人称表达法impersonalpassive,汉语主动式，人称泛称隐称表达法。英客体意识，汉主体意识12.Euphemism(委婉语):amildorvagueorperiphrasticexpressionasasubstituteforbluntprecisionordisagreeabletruth.Vagueness
7、isthesoulofeuphemism.(official/occupational/educational/otherfields:poverty,death,age,looks,physicaldefeats)13.Implicitness(含蓄)：汉语倾向于直截了当(敬辞，谦辞，婉言，委婉语)，英语常低调陈述（understatement:makebigthingsseemtrifle）,间接肯定（litotes:usinganegativetoemphasizethecontrary）委婉否定（indirectnegation）,婉转
8、暗示（tactfulimplication:leavegapsinthedevelopmentofathought）14.Periphrasis（迂回
