文体修辞 Unit 3 Exercises

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1、Unit3ExercisesExercises1grammetrics:Gram-metricsisthewaysinwhichgrammaticalunitsarefittedintometricalunitssuchaslinesandstanzas.markedtheme:markedthemecanbedefinedastheunusualclausetheme,thatmeanswhentheliterarywritertendtoachievecertainliteraryeffects,theywouldplacean

2、yoftherestoftheclauseelementsinsteadoftheexpectedor"unmarked"themeofamainclauseinthethematicposition.apocope:Apo-copeistheomissionofafinalpartofaword.Affixation:Affixationistheadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemalreadyexistedinthelanguage.E.g.Thealreadyexistedword“recycl

3、e”isthecombinationoftheprefix“re-”whichmeans“again”andthealreadyexisteditem“cycle”.However,“balconyful”isantypicalexampleofwordcoinedbyextensionoftheruleofaffixation.Itistheresultoftheadditionofthesuffix“-ful”whichmeansasmuchaswillfillthethingspecified”totheitem“balcon

4、y”.Compounding:Compoundingisthecombinationoftwoormoreitems(morphemes)tomakeasinglecompoundword.E.g.Thealreadyexistedword“absent-minded”isthecombinationoftheitem“absent”andtheitem“mind”plus“ed”.However,thecoinedword“else-minded”inHopkin’slineisformedbyextensionoftheword

5、-formationrule:adv.(oradj.)+“ed”participle.Thiskindofcoinageisforspecialuseinsomeoccasions.Conversion:Conversion,whichisoftendescribedas“zeroaffixation”,istheadaptationofanitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform.Forexample,anouncanbeusedasaverb:thenoun“fath

6、er”in“Don’tfatherme!”wrotebyH.G.Wellsischangedtoaverb.Thus,accordingtothecontext,thesentencehastwointerpretations:“Don’tcallmefather!”and“Don’tspeaktomeasifyouwerethefather!”Graphology:Itismeanttheencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.Aphesis:theomissionofaninitialpartofawo

7、rd.Eg:thouonwhosestream,’midthesteepsky’scommotion.(’midis‘amid’)Syncope:theomissionofamedialpartofaword.Eg:Avoicesothrillingne’erwasheard.(ne’eris‘never’)Exercises21.TheChargeoftheLightBrigade——AlfredTennysonI.ThehistoricalbackgroundThebackgroundofthispoemisabouttheBa

8、rackLavallebattleintheCrimeanWar.DatedonOctober25,1854,thebattlewaslaunchedbyBritishLightBrigadewhichchargedtotheRuss