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1、1.Thereisapopularbeliefamongparentsthatschoolsarenolongerinterestedinspelling.NoschoolIhavetaughtinhasever_____spellingorconsidereditunimportantasabasicskill.Thereare,however,vastlydifferentideasabouthowtoteachit,orhowmuch_____itmustbegivenovergenerallanguagedevelopmentandwritinga
2、bility.Theproblemis,howtoencourageachildtoexpresshimselffreelyand_____inwritingwithoutholdinghimbackwiththecomplexitiesofspelling?Ifspellingbecometheonlyfocalpointofhisteacher’sinterest,clearlya__4__childwillbelikelyto“playsafe”.Hewilltendtowriteonlywordswithinhisspellingrange,cho
3、osingtoavoid__5__language.That’swhyteachersoften__6__theearlyuseofdictionariesandpayattentiontocontentratherthantechnicalability.Iwasonceshockedtoreadonthebottomofasensitivepieceofwritingaboutapersonalexperience：“Thisworkis__7__!Therearefartoomanyspellingerrorsandyourwritingisille
4、gible(难以辨认的).”Itmayhavebeenasharp__8__ofthepupil’stechnicalabilitiesinwriting,butitwasalsoasadreflectionontheteacherwhohadomittedtoreadtheessay,which__9__somebeautifulexpressionsofthechild’sdeepfeelings.Theteacherwasnotwrongtodrawattentiontotheerrors,butifhisprioritieshadcentredon
5、thechild’sideas,anexpressionofhisdisappointmentwiththepresentationwouldhavegiventhepupilmore__10__toseekimprovement. A)priority B)criticismC)containedD)clearlyB)E)adventurousF）discourageG)motivation H)terribleI)ignoredJ)difficult K)encourageL)expressedM)confidently N)brightO)mo
6、tiveP)expressed2.Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscan__1__performanceatworkandschool.Cognitive(认识派的)researchers,whostudyvario
7、usaspectsofmentallife,maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceon__2__andgiftsfromothers. Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,__3__amongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmall__4__rewardsspeakscreativityingradeschoolchildren,suggestingthatproperlypresentedinduce
8、ments(刺激)indeed__5__inventiveness
