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1、第二讲语言之结构与功能语言之结构层次：语音、词汇、句子、语篇音素（phoneme)，语言之最小单位。区分音素之标准，最小区别（minimumdifference)标准。Sip/sibbit/bidfit/fatbig/bag词汇，也包含习语、成语。词汇可进行两种意义区分。形式区分，区分词类。语意区分，对词汇进行归类。例如：Entities(实体类):man,child,house,treeActivities(活动类):eat,think,work,walkCharacteristics(特征类):good,bad,swift,possible,true,beautifulRela
2、tions(关系类):in,through,during,because区分性特征分析(distinctivefeaturesanalysis)Vowlconsonantvoicefrontal/t/:-+-+humanadultmalefemaleMan+++-Woman++-+Boy+-+-Girl+--+句法关系分两大类：横组合关系（syntagmaticrelations）与纵聚合关系（paradigmaticrelations横组合关系：Theoldmanhobbledintothestore.纵聚合关系：TheboyranoutAchildwalkedinThisman
3、rodethroughThatballrolledaroundRomanJakobson提出言语交际六要素：Addresser(说者）listener(听者)message(讯息)context(背景)code(符码)contact(接触)Jakobson提出语言之六功能：1.Referential/informativefunctionTodayisabrightday.Thereisacomputeronthedesk.Adogischasingacat.2.ExpressivefunctionMyluveislikeared,redrose.3.Conative/vocati
4、vefunctionDrink!/Eat!/Standup!A:Shallwegooutforawalk?B:Thegroundisalreadywet.今天下三分，益州疲敝，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然而侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝之遗志，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。——《前出师表》4.PhaticfunctionHello,doyouhearme?Areyoulistening?Lendmeyourears.5.Meta-linguisticfunctionIdon’tfollowyou.Wha
5、tdoyoumeanbythat?DoyouknowwhatImean?6.Aesthetic/poeticfunction定义：ThesettowardtheMESSAGEassuch,focusonthemessageforitsownsake,isthepoeticfunctionoflanguage.Theset主趋向Thedominant主因‘Twasbrilling,andtheslithytovesDidgyreandgimbleinthewabeAllmimsywerebororovesAndthemomerathsoutgrabeBewaretheJabberwo
6、ck,mysonThejawsthatbite,andtheclawsthatcatchBewarethejubjubbird,andshunThefrumiousBandersnatchfromThroughtheLookingGlass野望杜甫西山白雪三城戍南浦清江万里桥海内风尘诸弟隔天涯涕泪一声遥惟将迟暮共多病未有涓埃答圣朝跨马出郊时极目不堪人事日萧条Tiger!Tiger!BurningbrightIntheforestofthenightWilliamBlake星罗棋布Scatteredalloverlikestarsintheskyormenonachessboard水
7、落石出Whenthewatersubsidestherocksemerge
