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《138-Dr. Don Snow, Nanjing University》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、WrittenCantoneseandtheriseofwrittenvernacularsDr.DonSnow,NanjingUniversityHandout#1Diglossia.∑Definition=describessituationsinwhichasocietyusestwodifferentlanguagevarietiesfordifferentfunctions:¾A"low"(L)languagefordailyconversation;¾A"high"(H)languageforformalpurposes,includingmostoral
2、lwriting.∑Keycharacteristicsofadiglossicsituation:¾Listhedailyspokenlanguage;Hisnotusedforordinaryconversation.¾Lislearnednaturallyathome;Hislearnedprimarilyinschool.¾Little-ifanything–iswritteninL(althoughtheremaybesomeexceptions,suchascertainkindsofpoetrywritteninL);Hisawrittenlanguag
3、ewithastrongwrittenandliterarytradition.¾Lisgenerallyconsideredlowandvulgar;HisgenerallyconsideredsuperiortoL-morebeautiful,morelogical,betterforexpressingloftythoughts.¾Lhasfewformalstandards,andifsuchthingsasdictionariesandgrammarsexistforLatall,theywereprobablydonebyoutsiders.Hhascle
4、arlystatedstandards,andthereisgenerallyastrongtraditionoftheformalstudyofHwithinthecommunity;forexample,therearedictionaries,grammars,formalcodesoforthography,andsoforth.Writtenvernaculars:∑China:¾Before1900s,ClassicalChinesedominantwrittenlanguageinChina.¾However,Baihuaalreadyexistedan
5、dhadalonghistory.°AppearsfirstinTangDynastybianwentexts.°Growsthroughuseinvernacularfiction.¾Inearly1900s,reformersadvocateuseofBaihuainordertopromoteliteracy,education,andmodernization.¾From1920son,BaihuagraduallyreplacesClassicalChinese.Forexample,in1920s,adoptedbygovernmentasthelangu
6、ageforschooltextbooks.∑Japan:¾ClassicalChinesethedominantwrittenlanguageintraditionalJapan.¾However,writtenJapanesedevelopedquiteearlyandwasusedinsomekindsofpoetry,privatewriting,andlow-prestigewritingsuchaswomen’sliterature.°HeianperiodJapan(794-1185)–wabunJapaneseprose,wakaJapanesepoe
7、try.°TaleofGenjiallinJapaneseinhiragana,cir.1001-1010.¾InMeijiperiod(late1800s)reformersargueitistoodifficulttopromotemasseducationusingClassicalChinese.(Manyofthemawareofcloserelationshipbetweenspoken/writtenlanguageinEurope.)¾Duringlate1800s/early1900s,writtenJapanesereplaces
