hjy基于plc的闸瓦液压机控制系统外文翻译

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1、TaxationhistoryoftheUnitedStatesFromWikipediaThehistoryoftaxationintheUnitedStatesbeganwhenitwascomposedofcoloniesruledbytheBritishEmpire,FrenchEmpire,andSpanishEmpire.AfterindependencefromEuropetheUnitedStatescollectedpolltaxes,tariffs,andexcisetaxes.TheUnitedStatesi

2、mposedincometaxesintermittentlyuntil1895whenunapportionedtaxesoninterest,dividendsandrentswereruledunconstitutional.Theadventofthe16thAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionmodifiedtheapportionmentrequirementin1913,andsincethentheincometaxhasbecomeoneofthemeansoffundin

3、gtheFederalGovernmentIncomeforfederalgovernmentTariffshaveplayeddifferentrolesintradepolicyandtheeconomichistoryoftheUnitedStates.Tariffswerethelargestsourceoffederalrevenuefromthe1790stotheeveofWorldWarI,untilitwassurpassedbyincometaxes.Sincetherevenuefromthetariffwa

4、sconsideredessentialandeasytocollectatthemajorports,itwasagreedthenationshouldhaveatariffforrevenuepurposes.[1]ProtectionismAnotherrolethetariffplayedwasintheprotectionoflocalindustry;itwasthepoliticaldimensionofthetariff.Fromthe1790stothe2000s,thetariff(andcloselyrel

5、atedissuessuchasimportquotasandtradetreaties)generatedenormouspoliticalstresseswhetherduringthe19thcenturywiththeNullificationcrisisortheWTO.OriginsofprotectionismWhenAlexanderHamiltonwastheUnitedStatesSecretaryoftheTreasuryheissuedtheReportonManufactures,whichreasone

6、dthatapplyingtariffsinmoderation,inadditiontoraisingrevenuetofundthefederalgovernment,wouldalsoencouragedomesticmanufacturingandgrowthoftheeconomybyapplyingthefundsraisedinparttowardssubsidies(calledbountiesinhistime)tomanufacturers.ThemainpurposessoughtbyHamiltonthro

7、ughthetariffwereto:(1)protectAmericaninfantindustryforashorttermuntilitcouldcompete;(2)raiserevenuetopaytheexpensesofgovernment;(3)raiserevenuetodirectlysupportmanufacturingthroughbounties(subsidies).[2]ThisresultedinthepassageofthreetariffsbyCongress,theTariffof1789,

8、theTariffof1790,andtheTariffof1792whichprogressivelyincreasedtariffs.SectionalismTariffscontributedtosectionalismbetweentheN