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1、Material20TextAIndevelopingamodelofcognition,wemustrecognizethatperceptionoftheexternalworlddoesnotalwaysremainindependentofmotivation.Whileprogresstowardmaturityispositivelycorrelatedwithdifferentiationbetweenmotivationandcognition,tensionwill,eveninthemat
2、ureadult,leadtowardsanarrowingoftherangeofperception.Cognitioncanbeseenasthefirststepinthesequenceeventsleadingfromtheexternalstimulustothebehavioroftheindividual.Thechilddevelopsfrombeliefthatallthingsareanextensionofitsownbodytotherecognitionthatobjectsex
3、istindependentofhisperception.Hebeginstodemonstrateawarenessofpeopleandthingswhichareremovedfromhissensoryapparatusandinitiatesgoal-directedbehaviors.Hemay,however,refusetorecognizetheexistenceofbarrierstotheattainmentofhisgoal,despitethefactthathiscognitio
4、noftheseobjectshasbeenpreviouslydemonstrated.Intheprimitivebeings,goal-directedbehaviorcanbeverysimplemotivated.Thepresenceofanattractiveobjectwillcauseaninfanttoreachforit;itsremovalwillresultintheceaseofthataction.Inadultlife,merecognitioncanbesimilarlymo
5、tivational,althoughthevisiblepresenceoftheopportunityisnotrequiredasthestimulantsofresponse.Thematureadultmodifieshisreactionbyobtaininginformation,interpretingit,andexaminingconsequences.Heformulatesahypothesisandattemptstotestit.Hesearchesoutimplicitrelat
6、ionships,examinesallfactors,anddifferentiatesamongthem.Justasthetrainedartistcanseparatethevalueofcolor,composition,andtechnique,whiletakinginandevaluatingthewholework,so,too,thematurepersonbringshiscognitivelearningstrengthstobearinevaluatingasituation.Und
7、erstandingthatcognitionisseparatefromaction,hisreactionisonlyminimallyguidedfromconditioning,andhetakesintoconsiderationanticipatableevents.Theimpactofthesocializationprocessparticularlythatofparentalandsocialgroupideology,mayreducecognitivelydirectedbehavi
8、or.Thetensionthusproduced,asforinstancethestressoffear,anger,orextremeemotion,willoftenbetheprimaryinfluence.Theevolutionaryprocessofdevelopmentfrombodyschemathroughcognitivelearningis!similarlymanifes
