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1、bs_bs_bannerPsyChJournal1(2012):118–127DOI:10.1002/pchj.4Empathy,emotionalcontagion,andrapidfacialreactionstoangryandhappyfacialexpressionsUlfDimbergandMonikaThunbergDepartmentofPsychology,UppsalaUniversity,Uppsala,SwedenAbstract:Theaimwastoexplorewhetheremotion
2、alempathyisrelatedtothecapacitytoreactwithrapidfacialreactionstofacialexpressionsofemotion,andifemotionalempathyisrelatedtotheabilitytoexperienceasimilaremotionasexpressedbyanotherperson.Peoplehighorlowinemotionalempathywereexposedtopicturesofhappyandangryfacesw
3、hiletheirfacialelectromyographyfromthezygomaticusmajorandcorrugatorsuperciliimuscleregionswasdetected.Highempathyparticipantsrapidlyreactedwithlargerzygomaticmuscleactivitytohappyascomparedwithangryfacesasearlyasafter500msafterstimulusonset,andwithlargercorrugat
4、ormuscleactivitytoangrythantohappyfacesafter500ms.Accordingly,thisgroupalsoreactedwithacorrespondingexperienceofemotion.Thelowempathyparticipants,incontrast,didnotdifferentiatebetweenthehappyandangrystimuliwitheitherfacialmusclesorintheirselfexperienceofemotion.
5、Thefindingsarerelatedtothefacialfeedbackhypothesisandtheresultsareinterpretedassupportforthehypothesisthatrapidandautomaticallyevokedfacialmimicrymaybeoneimportantmechanismforemotionalandempathiccontagiontooccur.Keywords:emotion;emotionalcontagion;empathy;facialE
6、MGreactions;facialexpressionsCorrespondence:ProfessorUlfDimberg,DepartmentofPsychology,UppsalaUniversity,Box1225,SE-75142Uppsala,Sweden.Email:ulf.dimberg@psyk.uu.seReceived17November2011.Accepted10March2012.Empathyisonefundamentalcomponentinsociallifeandhumansth
7、esamefacialmusclesaswellasmanysimilaremotionalcommunication.Thereisnosingledefinitionoffacialexpressions(Gaspar,2006;Gaspar&Esteves,2011).empathy(e.g.Levenson,1996;Levenson&Ruef,1992;forTheabilitiesforemotionalcommunicationandempathicareviewseeIckes,1997).Ithasbe
8、enproposed,forinstance,reactionsaredevelopedearly(e.g.Eisenberg,Murphy,&thatoneaspectofempathyistheabilitytoaccuratelydetectShepard,1997).Forinstance,newbornchildrenm
