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1、生物多样性2006,14(5):451–460doi:10.1360/biodiv.050226BiodiversitySciencehttp://www.biodiversity-science.net·综述·洞穴鱼类:概念、多样性及研究进展*赵亚辉张春光(中国科学院动物研究所,北京100080)摘要:洞穴鱼类是淡水鱼类中一个特殊的生态类群,其生活史的自然完成离不开洞穴或地下水环境。洞穴鱼类可分为典型和非典型两种类型,前者具有易辨识的特殊适应性形态结构(如眼消失、身体透明等),后者此类特征不明显。目前世界典型洞穴鱼类共记录有10
2、7种,其中鲤形目和鲇形目的种类最多,分别占49.5%和24.3%;在科级水平上以鲤科和爬鳅科最为丰富。东南亚和中南美是洞穴鱼类多样性最高的地区,有着世界上75.0%的典型洞穴鱼类。中国的洞穴鱼类具有物种多样性高、但集中出现在个别类群(如金线鲃属(Sinocyclocheilus)和高原鳅属(Triplophysa))、物种分化强烈、分布范围狭窄、种群数量小等特点。洞穴鱼类学是一门交叉科学,研究涉及系统学、生态学、生理学、保护生物学等众多学科领域,但目前研究仍多围绕演化问题展开。中国洞穴鱼类研究还处于系统分类和区系研究水平,其他有关
3、学科的研究有待开展。关键词:洞穴鱼类,概念,物种多样性,研究进展Cavefishes:concept,diversityandresearchprogressYahuiZhao,ChunguangZhang*InstituteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100080Abstract:Cavefishes,orhypogeanfishes,areadistinctivegroupoffreshwaterfishes.Theirlifehistoriesunseverablybi
4、ndthemtoacaveorundergroundwaterbody.Someofthem,termedtroglobites,havespecificcharacteristicsadaptingthemtosubterraneanlife.Otherhypogeanfishes,thetroglophiles,donotpossesssuchspecializedcharacteristics.Thereare107typicaltroglobitefishspeciesknownintheworld.Ofthese,Cyp
5、riniformesandSiluriformeshavethemosttroglobitefishspecies,accountingfor49.5%and24.3%ofthetotal,respectively.Atthefamilylevel,CyprinidaeandBalitoridaehavetherichestspeciesdiversityoftroglobitefishes.HypogeanfishesarepredominantlydistributedinsoutheasternAsia,andcentral
6、andsouth-ernAmerica,where75.0%arefound.InChina,richspeciesdiversityoccursinonlyafewgenera,namelySinocyclocheilusandTriplophysa,characterizedbynarrowdistributions,intensespeciation,andsmallpopu-lationsize.Researchoncavefishisacross-disciplinarysubjectinvolvingsystemati
7、cs,ecology,physiology,andconservationbiology.Atpresent,thestudymainlyfocusesonevolution.Abriefoverviewofprogressaroundtheglobeincavefishresearchisgiven,accompaniedbyanin-depthanalysisofthestillfar-from-completecontributionsofChinesehypogeanichthyofaunastudiestothisfie
8、ld.Keywords:cavefishes,concept,speciesdiversity,researchprogress中国幅员辽阔、地形复杂、气候多样,地跨古界淡水鱼类总种数的10.6%(Froese&Pauly,2005);北界和东洋界