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1、Top10MedicalBreakthroughsof2012 1.JunkNoMoreAfterbeingignoredas uselessgeneticgarbage,thevast98%ofthehumangenomethatdoesnotcodeforgenesfinallyhasapurpose.ItturnsoutthatthesepreviouslyinsignificantportionsofDNAarethetruegeneticmasterminds,ormetabolicswitchesthatr
2、egulatehowandwhengenesfunctionaswellashowprolificallygeneschurnouttheirrespectiveproteins.Withoutthem,scientistssay,geneswouldbelikeajumbledmessofwordsthathavenomeaning.Scientistsarealreadyexploitingthenewlydiscoveredtroveofbiologicalinformationandpursuingnewway
3、sofcontrolling,andpossiblyevencuring,diseaseswiththeflickofageneticswitch. 1.“垃圾DNA”有大作用 以往认为，人体内98%的基因组序列都是无用的垃圾基因，如今看来这一观点已经过时。事实上，这些DNA才是遗传的中心，它们可以调节基因何时以何种方式发挥作用，以及如何高效生产出不同的蛋白。没有这些DNA，基因组就如同没有意义的混乱语句。科学家正在探索这一生物信息学的新领域，试图找到治疗某些疾病的“基因开关”。 2.WhatAreBugsFor
4、?What’sthemostpopulacecomponentofthehumanbody?Cells?No.Genes?Notevenclose.It’s bugs.Themicrobes,includingbacteria,thatlivein,onandaroundusoutnumberourhumancells10to1.AndresearchershavejustcompletedthefirstphaseoftheHumanMicrobiomeProject,themostcomprehensiveacco
5、untingtodateofwhothesemicrobialresidentsareandwhattheydo.Mostofthemareactuallyourfriends,workinghardtoensurethatwedigestourfood,forexample,andbuildupstrongimmunesystems.Butastheylearnmoreaboutthebugsthatlivewithinus,scientistsarerecognizingthattheymayplayanimpor
6、tantroleinanumberofchronicdiseasesandconditions,includinginflammationandobesity.Farfrombeingunwelcomeintruders,thesemicrobesmayeventuallyhelpustreatsomeofourmostintractablehealthproblems.2. 体内微生物作用机理 人体内最丰富的组成部分是什么？细胞？基因？都不对，是包括多种细菌在内的微生物，它们与人体细胞的比例是10:1。目前，科
7、学家刚刚完成了人体微生物群系项目的第一阶段工作，该项目旨在认识人体内微生物的种类和作用。大部分微生物是人类的朋友，它们能帮助我们消化食物，或提高免疫系统功能。随着研究深入，科学家发现它们在人类多种慢性疾病，如感染发炎、肥胖症等中扮演着重要的角色，或许能为我们攻克这些健康难题提供帮助。3.Do-It-AllHIVDrugIt’salreadyapotentweaponagainstHIV,but Truvada,acombinationoftwoantiviralmedications,isnowthefirstdrug
8、-basedwaytopreventinfectionagainstthevirusamonghealthypeople.AftergroundbreakingtrialsshowedthatuninfectedindividualsusingthemedicationcouldlowertheirriskofacquiringH
