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1、PartVII.ImmunologyChapter57Immunity………………………………………………………………………………………………………1Chapter58CellularBasisoftheImmuneResponse…………………………………………………………..18Chapter59Antibodies……………………………………………………………………………………………………55Chapter60HumoralImmunity………………………………………………………………………………………..71Chapter61Cell-MediatedImmuni

2、ty………………………………………………………………………………..74Chapter62MajorHistocompatibilityComplex&Transplantation……………………………………….77Chapter63Complement…………………………………………………………………………………………………87Chapter64Antigen–AntibodyReactionsintheLaboratory………………………………………………..93Chapter65Hypersensitivity(Allergy)………………………………………………

3、……………………………110Chapter66Tolerance&AutoimmuneDisease…………………………………………………………………124Chapter67TumorImmunity…………………………………………………………………………………………139Chapter68Immunodeficiency………………………………………………………………………………………141LangeMicrobiologyandImmunologyReviewChapter57.ImmunityIMMUNITY:INTRODUCTIONThemainfunctionof

4、theimmunesystemistopreventorlimitinfectionsbymicroorganismssuchasbacteria,viruses,fungi,andparasites.Thefirstlineofdefenseagainstmicroorganismsistheintactskinandmucousmembranes.Ifmicroorganismsbreachthislineandenterthebody,thentheinnatearmoftheimmunesystem(secondlineofdefense)isavailableto

5、destroytheinvaders.Becausethecomponentsoftheinnatearm(Table57–1)arepreformedandfullyactive,theycanfunctionimmediatelyuponentryofthemicroorganisms.Theabilityoftheinnatearmtokillmicroorganismsisnotspecific.Forexample,aneutrophilcaningestanddestroymanydifferentkindsofbacteria.Table57–1.MainCo

6、mponentsofInnateandAcquiredImmunitythatContributetoHumoral(Antibody-Mediated)ImmunityandCell-MediatedImmunity.HumoralImmunityCell-MediatedImmunityInnateComplementMacrophagesNeutrophilsNaturalkillercellsAcquiredBcellsHelperTcellsAntibodies(madebyplasmacells)CytotoxicTcellsHighlyspecificprot

7、ectionisprovidedbytheacquired(adaptive)armoftheimmunesystem(thirdlineofdefense),butittakesseveraldaysforthisarmtobecomefullyfunctional.Thetwocomponentsoftheacquiredarmarecell-mediatedimmunityandantibody-mediated(humoral)immunity.Anoverviewofthefunctionsandinte