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1、EightorgansofspeechSpeechorgansproducethemanysoundsneededforlanguage.Organsusedincludethelips,teeth,tongue,alveolarridge,hardpalate,velum(softpalate),uvulaandglottis.Speechorgans—orarticulators—areoftwotypes:passivearticulatorsandactivearticulators.Passivearticulatorsremain
2、staticduringthearticulationofsound.Upperlips,teeth,alveolarridge,hardpalate,softpalate,uvula,andpharynxwallarepassivearticulators.Activearticulatorsmoverelativetothesepassivearticulatorstoproducevariousspeechsounds,indifferentmanners.Themostimportantactivearticulatoristheto
3、ngue.Thelowerlipandglottisareotheractivearticulators.1.LipsLipsareavisiblebodypartatthemouthofhumansandmanyanimals.Lipsaresoft,movable,andserveastheopeningforfoodintakeandinthearticulationofsoundandspeech.Humanlipsareatactilesensoryorgan,andcanbeerogenouswhenusedinkissingan
4、dotheractsofintimacy.Thelipsserveforcreatingdifferentsounds-mainlythelabial,bilabial,andlabiodentalconsonantsounds-andthuscreateanimportantpartofthespeechapparatus.Thelipsenablewhistlingandtheperformingofwindandbrassinstrumentssuchasthetrumpet,clarinet,fluteandsaxophone.1.T
5、eethSoundscanbeformedbyusingtheteethtoshapethelips,incombinationwiththetongue,ortoblockairfromescapingthemouth.1.TongueThetongueisamuscularhydrostatonthefloorsofthemouthsofmostvertebrateswhichmanipulatesfoodformastication.Itistheprimaryorganoftaste,asmuchoftheuppersurfaceof
6、thetongueiscoveredinpapillaeandtastebuds.Itissensitiveandkeptmoistbysaliva,andisrichlysuppliedwithnervesandbloodvessels.Inhumansasecondaryfunctionofthetongueisphoneticarticulation.2.AlveolarridgeAnalveolarridge(alsoknownasthealveolarmargin)isoneofthetwojawridgeseitheronther
7、oofofthemouthbetweentheupperteethandthehardpalateoronthebottomofthemouthbehindthelowerteeth.Thealveolarridgescontainthesockets(alveoli)oftheteeth.Theycanbefeltwiththetongueinthearearightabovethetopteethorbelowthebottomteeth.Itssurfaceiscoveredwithlittleridges.Soundsmadewith
8、thetonguetouchingthealveolarridgewhilespeakingarecalledalveolar.Examplesofalveolar
