郑和下西洋与青花

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1、〈紀念鄭和下西洋六百週年國際學術研討會〉（2005.7.4-6,南京）鄭和下西洋與青花龍村倪前台灣綜合研究院所長，台北TheTreasure-shipsandtheGlobalMarketingofBlue-and-WhitePorcelaininEarlyMingDynastyLungTsuen-NiFormerDirectorofTaiwanResearchInstitute,TaipeiABSTRACTZhengHe’s(1371–1433)sevenvoyages(1405–1433)to‘WesternOcean’unfoldingthehorizonof

2、IndianOceantoChinathroughtribute-systemandactivetradeexportofChinesehandicraftstoIndo-Asian,Arabandultimately,Europe.ThediplomaticandtradeactivitieshadbroughtcollaborationandcooperationbetweenChinaandothernationstranscendedofrace,language,nationalityandreligion.Asaresult,theexpeditions

3、hadledtogreaterunderstandingofpeoplesandcultures,especiallythetechnologyofChinainproduction.Inhismaritimeexplorations,ZhengHehadwoninternationalrecognition.TheexpansionofChinesetrade,thenundergovernmentcontrol,waseffectivelythesamethingastheexpansionofChinesepower.DuringYongle(1402–142

4、4)andXuande(1425–1435)eras,theblue-and-whiteporcelaindominatedtheproductionofJingdezhenkilnsusinghighqualitycobaltorefor‘Somah’blue,whichwasbroughtbackfromEasternSouthAsiaandArabicPeninsulaby‘PotteryRoute’ofthesea.Thedragon-and-wavedesignhasplayedprominentroleasadecorativemotif.Therepe

5、rtoryofEarlyMingdecorationalsoincludedflowersandplants,bothasprincipalthemesandborderdesigns.Towardsththeendofthe15century,astheexporttradewasfurtherexpaned,theextraordinaryshapesanddecorativemotifswereintroducedfortheforeignmarketsbyemployingArabicandEuropeandesigns.Inthisperiod,thepo

6、rcelain(china)wonitsworldwidereputation,wemaynowsaytoofthehistoricalhigh.Whenthecourtthofficialshaltedtheoverseastradeafterthemiddleofthe15century,Chineseisolationismhadcastitsshadowovertheoverseastrade.ThispaperisonlyabriefcasestudyontheEarlyMingblue-and-whiteporcelainwithemphasisonJi

7、ndezhenwaresforArabicworldandfarther.摘要「青花」(blue-whiteporcelain)是我國著名的「釉下彩」(underglazepainting)瓷器。由「考古」所知，中國有「青花瓷」始於唐，成於南宋(1127-1279)，圓熟於元(1279-1368)，興盛於明初，特別是永樂(1403-1425)、宣德(1426-1436)、成化(1465-1488)三朝，江西「景德鎮」的產品，更是獨步世界，達到了登峰造極的水平。「三保太監」鄭和(1371-1433)七下「西洋」(1405-1433)時，「彩絹瓷器」是最重要的「賞賜