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1、737ReviewAdvancesinElectrochemicalImmunosensorsPetrSkladal*DepartmentofBiochemistry,MasarykUniversity,KotlGski2,CZ-61137Bmo,CzechRepublicReceived:January24,1997Finalversion:April11,1997AbstractThedevelopmentsinthefieldofelectrochemicalimmunosensorsandimmunoassaysarereviewed.Theenz
2、ymelabelssuitableforamperometric,potentiometricandconductimetricdetectionarementioned.Indirectimmunosensors(i.e.,thatinvolvingenzymaticorelectroactivelabels)useeitherheterogeneousorhomogeneousformats.Immunoelectrodesarebasedonconventionalelectrodes,semiconductordevicesarerepresent
3、edbyISFETsandlightaddressablepotentiometricsensors(LAPS).Directlabel-freemonitoringofimmunoreactionsisdemonstratedoncapacitancesystemsandpulseddetectionusingpolypyrrole-modifiedelectrodes.Theapproachestoregenerationofsensingsurfacesarediscussed.Examplesaregivenonapplicationsofelec
4、trochemicalimmunodevicesinclinicalmedicineandinenvironmentalmonitoring.Keywords:Electrochemicalimmunosensors,Immunoelectrodes,Amperometricimmunoassays,Potentiometricimmunoassays,Conductimetricimmunoassays1.Introductionuse)orunabletocontinuouslymonitortheconcentrationofanalyte.Twoc
5、ategoriesofimmunosensorscanbedistinguishedaccordingtothemodeofsignaltransduction.ThedirectimmunosensorFromtheanalyticalpointofview,antibodiesseemtobefollowstheactualbindingevent,i.e.,antigen-antibodyinteraction,universalspecificbiorecognitionmolecules;inprinciple,theycanusuallycon
6、tinuouslyandinrealtime.Ontheotherhand,thebepreparedagainstanychemicalstructureusingeithercommonindirectimmunosensormeasurestheresultofabindingevent,i.e.,immunizationofanimalsornovelrecombinanttechniques.Forincreased(decreased)amountoftheboundlabel(enzyme,analyticalpurposes,antibod
7、ieswereintroducedbyBersonandelectroactiveindicator).Moreover,homogeneousandheteroge-Yalowattheendof1950s[l].Inthefollowingyears,neousassayformatsarepossible.Heterogeneousproceduresimmunoassayswerewidelyappliedinbiochemistry,clinicalemployseveralwashingandseparationsteps[23].Homoge
8、neouschemistryandenvironmentalmon
