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1、Abriefhistoryofthepipa,atraditionalChinesemusicinstrumentThepipa(pronounced"pee-paa")isafour-stringedlute,oneoftheoldestChinesemusicalinstrumentswithover2000yearsofhistory.Thetermpipa()consistsoftwoChinesecharacterssymbolizingtwoplayingtechniques(den
2、otedas"Tan"and"Tiao"today)whiletheirpronunciationsp'iandp'aareimitationsofthesoundsproducedaccordingly.Thelatterfactishowevernotoftenmentionedintheliteraturesaboutthepipa(seeNote)Thehistoricaldevelopmentofthepipahasbeenaprogressiveprocessfromitsveryb
3、eginningwithfewmajorfusions.TheearliestChinesewrittentextsaboutthepipadatedbackatleasttothesecondcenturyBC.Forinstance,XiLiuoftheEasternHanDynasty(25-220AD)describedinhisbook,TheDefinitionofTerms-OnMusicalInstruments,thatthenameoftheinstrumentpipaori
4、ginallyreferredtotwofingertechniques.ThetwoChinesecharactersp'iandp'astoodoriginallyforthetwomovements,i.e.pluckingthestringsforwardsandbackwards,respectively.Itiscommonlyknownnowthattheterm"pipa"usedtobethegenericnameforallpluck-stringinstrumentsoft
5、heancienttimes.Forinstance,intheQinDynasty(222-207BC),therehadbeenakindofplucked-instrument,knownasxiantao,withastraightneckandaroundsound-bodyplayedhorizontally,whichisconsideredoneofthepredecessorsofthepipa.IntheprefacetohisverseOdetoPipa,XuanFuoft
6、heJinDynasty(265-420AD)wrote:"...thepipaappearedinthelateQinperiod.WhenthepeoplesufferedfrombeingforcedtobuildtheGreatWall,theyplayedtheinstrumenttoexpresstheirresentment".BytheHanDynasty(206BC--220AD),theinstrumentdevelopedintoitsformoffourstringsan
7、dtwelvefrets,pluckedwithfingernailsandknownaspipaorqin-pipa(seeFig.1[1].IntheWesternJinDynasty(256-316),theqin-pipawasnamedafterthefamousscholar,oneof"SevenSagesoftheBambooGrove",RuanXian,whowasagreatmasteronthisinstrument.(NotethatJiKong,grandmaster
8、ofthesevenstringedzitherqin,wasamongthesevensageswhooftenmetformusicandwine).Theinstrumenthasbeentothisdaycalledtheruan()whereasthenamepipaspecificallyreferredtoanewversioninthesamefamilyofinstruments,whichdevelopedasfollows:Fig.1:Historicaldevelopme
