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1、FAVORITISMUNDERSOCIALPRESSURELuisGaricano,IgnacioPalacios-Huerta,CanicePrendergast*AbstractThispaperisconcernedwiththeeffectofnonmonetaryincen-aswell.4Theempiricalstudyaddresseshowthepreferencestivesonbehavior,inparticularwiththestudyofsocialpressureasaofonegroup(namely,thecrowdattendi
2、ngasoccergame)determinantofcorruption.Weofferempiricalevidencethatshowshowprofessionalsoccerrefereesfavorhometeamsinordertosatisfytheaffectsrefereebehavior.Thegamesthatwestudycanbecrowdsinthestadium.Refereeshavediscretionovertheadditionofextraattendedbyupto100,000spectators(theaveragei
3、stimeattheendofasoccergametocompensateforlosttimedueto28,000),oftenoverwhelminglysupportingthehometeam,unusualstoppages.Wefindthatrefereessystematicallyfavorhometeamsbyshorteningclosegameswherethehometeamisahead,andlengtheninganditisthispressurewhichwepositaffectsindividualclosegameswhe
4、rethehometeamisbehind.Theyshownosuchbiasforbehavior.Toputitsimply,westudywhetherrefereesinter-gamesthatarenotclose.Wefurtherfindthatwhentherewardsfornalizethepreferencesofthecrowdintheirdecisions,bywinninggamesincrease,refereeschangetheirbiasaccordingly.Lastly,weidentifythatthemechanism
5、throughwhichbiasoperatesistosatisfythesystematicallyfavoringthehometeam.crowd,bydocumentinghowthesizeandcompositionofthecrowdaffectIthaslongbeensuspectedthatrefereesmaybebiasedinrefereefavoritism.favorofhometeamsinmanyofthedecisionstheymake.Unfortunately,however,itistypicallyimpossible
6、toassesswhetherthedecisionsinquestionarejustorunjust.Yet,I.IntroductionprofessionalsoccergameshavetheadvantagethatthereisHEeconomicsliteratureoncorruptiongenerallyem-onedecisionthatrefereestakethatissuitableforempiricalTphasizestheroleplayedbymonetaryincentivesontestingoffavoritism:the
7、amountofinjurytimethattheyaddindividualstodeviatefromtheirprescribedbehavior.Theseattheendofthegame.Thisextratimeismeanttocom-includebribes,promotions,andotherformsofmaterialpensateforlosttimeduetounusualstoppages,suchasincentives.1Economistshavealsostudiedtheoreticallyandinjuriesand
