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1、LearningChinese:AFoundationCourseinMandarinJulianK.Wheatley,MIT3.1Firstset名字叫地方美吧3+33+33+23+34+03+53+4míngzìjiàodìfāngmĕibaname-characterbenamed;placeregionbeautifulBAnamebecalled;call[USA]consensus國英過氣想去兩3+84+53+94+64+92+32+6国英过气两3+53+53+34+01+6guóyīngguòqìxiǎngqùliǎngcountryheropassair;spiritt
2、hink;go2[+M][England;UK]everfeellikeNotesa)名containstheelements夕‘evening’(originallyadrawingofthesettingmoon?)andthe‘mouthradical’(口);formnemonicpurposes,think‘moon,lowintheskyatevening,soyouneedtocalloutyournametoidentifyyourself’.b)字zì‘character’contains子zĭ(‘child’)asphonetic;think‘apupilunder
3、aroof,studyingcharacters’.(Míngzìmeans‘thecharacterswhichformthename’.)Distinguish字from子zĭand了le.c)叫mouthplus‘4’,so:‘callingout‘4’onthegolfcourse’.d)地isathirdcharactertoshow也asright-sideelement;cf.她and他.Thepresenceof也inthesecharactersseemstohaveresultedfromorthographicconfusion,anddoesnotreprese
4、ntitsuseasaphoneticelement.地exhibitstheradicalformof土tǔ‘earth,calledtǔzìpáng.e)美isacompoundmadeupof羊‘sheep;goat’(withitsstemtruncated)and大‘big’,andtheusualorderingofitsstrokes(with大beneathtruncated羊)reflectsthatfact.美obeysthe‘ruleof5’ifthetoptwostrokesaremadetocountasahorizontal.f)Likemanyoftheo
5、therfinalparticles(吗,呢,啊),吧isphonosemantic,with巴bāasphonetic,and口asradical.g)Theinnerpartof國,或,isphonetic:huò.Thesimplified国(aJapaneseinnovation)hasbeenformedwithanentirelydifferentinnerconstituent,玉yù(jade),whichhasneitherasemanticnoraphoneticconnectiontothewordguó.3LearningChinese:AFoundationC
6、ourseinMandarinJulianK.Wheatley,MITh)英contains央yāngasphonetic;theradicaliscǎozìtóu‘grasscharacterontop’,acombiningformofthegraph艸.美měi‘beautiful’and英yīng‘hero’areselectedforthecountrynamesofMěiguóandYīngguóbothforsoundandformeaning.Studentshaveobservedthesimilarityof英totheshapeofBritain(cǎozìtóu
7、representingScotland,etc.)i)過,withphoneticelementsharedbyeg鍋guō(awordthatcomesintoEnglishthroughCantoneseasa‘wok’,or‘fryingpan’),substitutesthenon-phonetic(andsemanticallyirrelevantbutsuitablesimple)寸cùn‘inch’forthecomplicat
