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1、DetectionofExplosivesbyElectronicNosesHandheldchemical-sensingsystemscomeinseveralvarietiesandofferadvantagesoverthetraditionalbomb-sniffingdog.iththesurgeofinternationalterrorismandthein-creaseduseofexplosivesinterroristattacks,lawenforcementagenciesthroughouttheworldaref
2、acedwiththeproblemofdetectinghiddenbombsWinluggage,mail,vehicles,andaircraft,aswellasonsuspects.Thishasbecomeamajoranalyticalproblem,whichrequireshighlysensitive,specific,andfastmethodsforitssolution.Anotherworldwideprobleminvolvingexplosivesisthedetectionoflandmines.Accor
3、dingtotheUnitedNations,120millionunexplodedlandmines,mostofthemunmarked,areburiedin70countries.Thedevelopmentofefficientandcost-effectivelandminedetectiondeviceshasbecomeanur-gentworldwidenecessity.Becausecanineshaveexcellentsmell-detectioncapabili-tiesandcanperceiveverysm
4、allquantitiesofodorants,theyhavebeenusedsuccessfullyforsniffingoutdrugs,agricul-turalproducts,fugitives,cadavers,hiddenexplosives,andJehudaYinonUniversityofCentralFlorida©GETTYIMAGESMARCH1,2003/ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY99A(a)hnhnhn¢hn¢hn¢+–hn¢hn¢hn¢Electronicnoseshn¢Withaclearun
5、derstandingoftheadvantagesanddisadvantages(b)hn¢ofusingcanines,researchersareinterestedindevelopinghand-hnhn+heldandmobiledevices,calledelectronicorartificial“noses”,nnwhichmimicbomb-sniffingdogswithouthavingtheirdraw-–backs.Anelectronicnoseisusuallycomposedofachemical-sen
6、singsystemandapattern-recognitionsystem,suchasanar-tificialneuralnetwork.EachvaporpresentedtothesensingFIGURE1.Polymeramplificationmechanism.systemproducesasignatureor“fingerprint”.Presentingmanydifferentchemicalstothesensoryieldsadatabaseoffingerprints,(a)Traditionalchemo
7、sensor.(b)Receptorswiredinseries.Greenistheemissivepolymer,bluethequenched,andredistheana-whichthepattern-recognitionsystemusestorecognizeandau-lyte;histhelightattheexcitationwavelength,h´attheemis-tomaticallyidentifyeachchemical.sionwavelength.(Adaptedwithpermissionfrom
8、Ref.10.)Sensorarraysofferseveraladvantagesoversinglesensors—sensitivitytoawiderrangeofana
