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1、RelativeandAppositiveClauses定语从句和同位语从句定语从句一.定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有where,when,why等。 关系词常有3个作用：1）引导定语从句2）代替先行词3）在定语从句中担当一个成分二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语e.g. Theboy
2、swhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne. YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway. 2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。e.g.Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus. Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略e.g.Footballisa
3、gamewhichislikedbymostboys. Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday. 4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。e.g.Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.Whereisthebox(that/which)Isawthismorning?5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语e.
4、g.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替e.g. Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导e.g. Theschool(that/
5、which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous. Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.注意：1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等e.g. Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor. (T) ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking. (F)2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用whic
6、h，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whosee.g.Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend. (T) TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable. (T)3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. (2)Inthebaskettherearequit
7、emanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad. (3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.四．关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语Pleasetellmeth
8、ereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换e.g. Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear
