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1、CHINAMARCHESWESTtheqingconquestofcentraleurasiaPeterC.PerduethebelknappressofharvarduniversitypressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,England2005Copyright©2005byPeterC.PerdueAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataPerdue,PeterC.Chin
2、amarcheswest:theQingconquestofCentralEurasia/PeterC.Perdue.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-674-01684-x(alk.paper)1.China—History—Qingdynasty,1644–1912.2.Russia—History—1613–1917.3.Mongols—History.I.Title:QingconquestofCentralEurasia.II.Title.ds754.p472005951′.03
3、—dc222004059472ToLinda,Kay,andAlex,andthememoryofmyparentsContentsPrefacexiiiAcknowledgmentsxviiNoteonNames,Dates,WeightsandMeasures,andChineseCharactersxixIntroduction1History,Time,andMemory6TheQingConquestsasaWorldHistoricalEvent9partoneTheFormationoftheCentralEurasianStates1Envir
4、onments,StateBuilding,andNationalIdentity15TheUnboundednessofCentralEurasia19Trade,Transport,andTravel33TheFrontierZone41IsolationandIntegration442TheMing,Muscovy,andSiberia,1400–160051TheMingandtheMongols52StateFormationinMuscovyandRussianExpansion74SiberianandChineseFrontiers893Ce
5、ntralEurasianInteractionsandtheRiseoftheManchus,1600–167094BuildingtheZungharState101viiicontentsTheRiseoftheManchus109MongolianInfluenceontheManchuState122EarlyModernStateBuildingCompared127parttwoContendingforPower4Manchus,Mongols,andRussiansinConflict,1670–1690133KangxitheRuler133G
6、aldan’sIntervention144Kangxi’sFirstPersonalExpedition152TheTreatyofNerchinskandtheExcludedMiddle1615EatingSnow:TheEndofGaldan,1690–1697174TheDolonNorAssembly175TheBattleofJaoModo180TheEmperorRewritesHistory190TheFinalCampaignsandtheFateofGaldan1936ImperialOverreachandZungharSurvival
7、,1700–1731209TheRiseofTsewangRabdan210ThreeCentralEurasianTravelers213ThePenetrationofTurkestanandTibet227TheNewEmperorChangesTack2407TheFinalBlows,1734–1771256TransformingtheBarbariansthroughTrade256TheDeathKnelloftheZungharState270TheConquestofTurkestan289TheReturnoftheTorghuts292
8、partthreeTheEconomi
