有机化学命名专业英语

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1、有机化学命名Nomenclatureoforganicchemistry1二有机物的命名1烷烃（alkanes）1.1直链烷烃烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如：甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane丁烷butane戊烷pentane己烷hexane庚烷heptane辛烷octane壬烷nonane癸烷decane十一烷undecane十二烷dodecane2Alkane=Numberprefix-a

2、neforexample:CH4MethaneCH3CH2CH3PropaneCH3CH3EthaneCH3(CH2)2CH3ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3PentaneCH3(CH2)4CH3HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3HeptaneCH3(CH2)6CH3OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3NonaneCH3(CH2)8CH3Decane311~19Alkane=Numberprefix-decaneforexample:11-alkaneUndecane12-alkaneDodecane13-alkaneTridecane14-alkaneTetradecane15-a

3、lkanePentadecane16-alkaneHexadecane17-alkaneHeptadecane418-alkaneOctadecane19-alkaneNonadecane20-alkaneIcosane21~29Alkane=Numberprefix-cosaneforexample:21-alkaneHenicosane22-alkaneDocosane23-alkaneTricosane24-alkaneTetracosane25-alkanePentacosane530-AlkaneTriacontane31~39Alkane=Numberprefix-triaco

4、ntaneforexample:31-AlkaneHentriacontane32-AlkaneDotriacontane33-AlkaneTritriacontane34-AlkaneTetratriacontane35-Alkanepentatriacontane36-AlkaneHexatriacontane640~90Alkane=Numberprefix-contaneforexample:40AlkaneTetracontane50AlkanePentacontane60AlkaneHexacontane70AlkaneHeptacontane80AlkaneOctaconta

5、ne90AlkaneNonacontane100AlkaneHectane71.2含支链烷烃和烷基命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢（hydrogen）原子被称为烷基（alkylgroups）的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。如：CH3-MethylCH3-(CH2)9-CH2-UndecylCH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH33-Methylpentane8UnivalentradicalsRadical=Alk-ylforexample:CH3-MethylCH3CH2-EthylCH3CH2CH2-PropylCH

6、3(CH2)2CH2-Butyl9Saturatedbranched-chainhydrocarbonbranched-chainhydrocarbon=n-Radical+alkaneforexample:CCCC2-MethylbutaneCCCCC2,2-DimethylpropaneCCCCCCCC4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptaneCCCC10UnivalentbranchedradicalsRadical=Alk-ylforexample:4321CCCC3-MethylbutylCCCC2-MethylpropylCCCCsec-ButylCCCCCtert

7、-ButylC11PolysidechainhydrocarbonButyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Propylforexample:CCC7654321CCCCCCCC4-Ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptaneCCC7654321CCCCCCCCCC4-Ethyl-3-methyl-4-propyl-heptane121.3一些可采用普通命名的支链烷烃：(CH3)2CH-CH3Iso