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ID:21727637
大小:1.22 MB
页数:59页
时间:2018-10-20
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1、NomenclatureofOrganicCompounds有机化合物的命名1.NomenclatureofHydrocarbons:(烃类命名法)NumberPrefix(数字前缀):总碳数≤10时甲:meth-壬:nona-乙:eth-癸:deca-丙:prop-丁:buta-戊:penta-己:hexa-庚:hepta-辛:octa-总碳数>10时:一:hen(i)-;二:do-;三:tri(a)-;四:tetra-…10.deca-20:eicosa-30:triaconta-11:undeca,hendeca-21:heneicosa-31:hentriaconta-12:
2、dodeca-22:docosa-40:tetraconta-13:trideca-23:tricosa-50:pentaconta-14:tetradeca-24:tetracosa-60:hexaconta-15:pentadeca-25:pentacosa-70:heptaconta-16:hexadeca-26:hexacosa-80:octaconta-17:heptadeca-27:heptacosa-90:nonaconta-18:octadeca-28:octacosa-19:nonadeca-29:nonacosa-表示取代基相对位置的字头:iso-异;cis-顺;
3、trans-反neo-新;primary伯o-(ortho-)邻;secondary仲sec-m-(meta-)间;tertiary叔tert-p-(para-)对;烷烃(alkane)命名:数字头+-ane(以a结尾的数字头直接加-ne)甲烷:methane;癸烷:decane;庚烷:heptane;十三烷:tridecane十四烷:tetradecane十五烷:pentadecane二十烷:(e)icosane二十一烷:heneicosane二十二烷:docosane三十烷:triacontane三十一烷:hentriacontane四十烷:tetracontane五十烷:pen
4、tacontane六十烷:hexacontane七十烷:heptacontane八十烷:octacontane九十烷:nonacontane1)AliphaticHydrocarbons(FattyHydrocarbons,脂肪烃)例:Heneicosane烯烃(alkene)命名:数字头+-ene(以a结尾的数字头去a加-ene.)多烯的命名:二烯类:数字头+-diene三烯类:数字头+-triene例:乙烯:ethene;丁烯:butene;丁二烯:butadiene;丁三烯:butatriene炔烃(alkyne)命名:数字头+-yne(-ine)(以a结尾的数字头去a加-yn
5、e.)多炔的命名:二炔类:数字头+-diyne三炔类:数字头+-triyne例:乙炔:ethyne/acetylene(俗名)丁炔:butyne;己二炔:hexadiyne/hexadiine脂环烃(alicyclichydrocarbons)命名:烃类名称前+cyclo-例:环己烷:cyclohexane;环己二烯:cyclohexadiene环辛四烯:cyclooctatetraene烃基(hydrocarbyl)命名:将烃类名称的词尾换为–yl例:甲基:methyl;乙基:ethyl;癸基:decyl;乙烯基:ethenyl;丁烯基:butenyl;乙炔基:ethynyl苯基:
6、phenyl苄基:benzyl支链烃类(hydrocarbonwithbranchedchains)的命名:i).以最长的碳链为主链,从一端向另一端编号,使侧链具有最低编号。如有几个侧链,按侧链取代基字头的英文字母顺序排列。例::5-甲基-4-丙基壬烷5-methyl-4-propylnonane4-甲基-6-乙基癸烷6-ethyl-4-methyldecane2,7-二甲基-3-乙基-4-丙基辛烷3-ethyl-2,7-dimethyl-4-propyloctane2,4,5-trimethylheptane2,2-dimethylpropane4-isopropyl-5-meth
7、yloctane4-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)octaneii).不饱和烃中应使不饱和键的编号最小。如::3-甲基-1-丁烯3-methyl-1-butene或3-methylbut-1-ene:1,3-丁二烯butadiene或1,3-butadiene或buta-1,3-diene2-甲基-1,3-丁二烯2-methyl-1,3–butadiene/2-methylbuta-1,3-diene*同时含有双键和三键时,用-enyne
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