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1、INTRODUCTIONLandscapeecology,ifnotecologyingeneral,islargelyfoundedonthenotionthatenvironmentalpatternsstronglyinfluenceecologicalprocesses(Turner1989).Thehabitatsinwhichorganismslive,forexample,arespatiallystructuredatanumberofscales,andthesepatternsint
2、eractwithorganismperceptionandbehaviortodrivethehigherlevelprocessesofpopulationdynamicsandcommunitystructure(Johnsonetal.1992).Anthropogenicactivities(e.g.development,timberharvest)candisruptthestructuralintegrityoflandscapesandisexpectedtoimpede,orinso
3、mecasesfacilitate,ecologicalflows(e.g.,movementoforganisms)acrossthelandscape(Gardneretal.1993).Adisruptioninlandscapepatternsmaythereforecompromiseitsfunctionalintegritybyinterferingwithcriticalecologicalprocessesnecessaryforpopulationpersistenceandthem
4、aintenanceofbiodiversityandecosystemhealth(With2000).Fortheseandotherreasons,muchemphasishasbeenplacedondevelopingmethodstoquantifylandscapepatterns,whichisconsideredaprerequisitetothestudyofpattern-processrelationships(e.g.,O'Neilletal.1988,Turner1990,T
5、urnerandGardner1991,BakerandCai1992,McGarigalandMarks1995).Thishasresultedinthedevelopmentofliterallyhundredsofindicesoflandscapepatterns.Thisprogresshasbeenfacilitatedbyrecentadvancesincomputerprocessingandgeographicinformation(GIS)technologies.Unfortun
6、ately,accordingtoGustafson(1998),“thedistinctionbetweenwhatcanbemappedandmeasuredandthepatternsthatareecologicallyrelevanttothephenomenonunderinvestigationormanagementissometimesblurred.”WHATISALANDSCAPE?Landscapeecologybydefinitiondealswiththeecologyofl
7、andscapes.Surprisingly,therearemanydifferentinterpretationsoftheterm“landscape.”Thedisparityindefinitionsmakesitdifficulttocommunicateclearly,andevenmoredifficulttoestablishconsistentmanagementpolicies.Definitionsoflandscapeinvariablyincludeanareaoflandc
8、ontainingamosaicofpatchesorlandscapeelements(seebelow).FormanandGodron(1986)definedlandscapeasaheterogeneouslandareacomposedofaclusterofinteractingecosystemsthatisrepeatedinsimilarformthroughout.Theconceptdiffersfromthetra
