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1、Chapter4生醫材料概論4.1生醫材料:醫療上之材料,用以與生體組織、體液、或血液等接觸,且不會產生副作用之惰性材料。可能是直接植入到身體內,或只與生體組織、體液、或血液等接觸而已。例如:靜脈導管、人造皮膚、人工關節、人工瓣膜、人造血管、人工腎臟等。4.1.1生醫材料的分類:1.天然材料(生物材料)。2.高分子材料(人工合成材料)。3.金屬、陶瓷材料等。4.1.2生醫材料的用途:1.用來做生物補綴物。2.替代組織器官。例如:人工關節、人工瓣膜、人工腎臟等。3.診療用品等。例如:血袋、導管等。4.或外科手術用品等。例如:縫線、止血物等。4.1.3生物性生醫材料:1.蛋白
2、質。例如:明膠、膠原蛋白等。2.多糖類物質。例如:澱粉、糊精等。3.聚氨基酸等。4.1.4高分子生醫材料:1.生分解性高分子。例如:聚乳酸PLA、聚甘酸PGA、聚己內酯Poly-e-caprolactone等。2.水膠。例如:丙烯酸系列水膠,HEMA。3.矽(橡)膠。4.聚峖酯。等4.1.5金屬、陶瓷之生醫材料:1.不鏽鋼。例如:316L骨釘、骨板。2.鈷、鉻合金,鈦合金等。例如:人工髖關節。3.陶瓷材料。例如:氫氧基磷灰石、生醫玻璃陶瓷等。4-74.2生醫材料---History:1.TheRomans,Chinese,andAztecusedgoldindentist
3、rymorethan2000yearsago.Throughmuchofrecordedhistory,glasseyesandwoodenteethhavebeenincommonuse.絲、貓腸線2.Attheturnofthiscentury,syntheticplasticsbecameavailable.Theireaseoffabricationledtomanyimplantationexperiments,mostofthem,inlightofourcontemporaryunderstandingofbiomaterialstoxicology,doo
4、medtofailure.3.In1937,Poly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA)wasintroducedindentistry.4.DuringWorldWarII,shardsofPMMAfromshatteredgunneryturrets,unintentionallyimplantedintheeyesofaviators,suggestedthatsomematerialsmightevokeonlyamildforeignbodyreaction.5.JustafterWorldWarII,Voorheesexperimentedwi
5、thparachutecloth(VinyonN)asavascularprosthesis.6.In1958,inacardiovascularsurgerytextbookbyRob,thesuggestionwasofferedthatsurgeonsmightvisittheirlocaldraper'sshopandpurchaseDacronfabricthatcouldbecutwithpinkingshearstofabricateanarterialprosthesis.7.Intheearly1960sCharnleyusedPMMA,ultrahig
6、h-molecular-weightpolyethylene,andstainlesssteelfortotalhipreplacement.4.3BIOMATERIALSAlthoughbiomaterialsareprimarilyusedformedicalapplications,theyarealsousedtogrowcellsinculture,inapparatusforhandlingproteinsinthelaboratory,indevicestoregulatefertilityincattle,intheaquacultureofoysters
7、,andpossiblyinthenearfuturetheywillbeusedinacell-silicon"biochip"thatwouldbeintegratedintocomputers.4-7Commonproblem:theinteractionbetweenbiologicalsystemsandsynthetic(ormodifiednatural)materials.材料作為醫用材料時需進行哪些測試?4-74.4高分子材料將高分子聚合物應用於醫療上,做為醫療器材、體內植入物、藥物傳遞系統、或藥物控制釋放等