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1、Figure7.3TitlepageofFranklin'sbookExperimentsandObservationsonElectricity,1751.(PhotocourtesyoftheSmithsonianInstitutionLibraries,SmithsonianInstitution.)wasjoinedatthebottomendtoasilkribbonaboutthreefeetlongtoserveasaninsulator,andwhoseotherendFrankli
2、nwouldholdinhishandtocontrolthekite.Franklinfastenedametalkeytothetwinewhereitjoinedthesilkribbon.Inthesummerof1752,FranklinandhissonflewthekiteonacommoninPhiladelphiaonastormyday(Figure7.4).Theytookadvantageofashedtoshieldthemselvesfromtherain,andtoke
3、epthesilkribbondry.Athundercloudpassed,buttherewerenosignsofelectricity.Somewhatlater,thelooseendsofthefibersofthekitestringsuddenlystooderectfromthestring.Franklinputhisknucklenearthekeyandreceivedastrongspark.HethenchargedaLeydenjar,andcausedasparkfr
4、omittoigniteaspiritflare.Hehaddemonstratedtohissatisfactionthatlightningwasanelectricalphenomenon.Success!OnOctober1,1752,FranklindescribedtheresultsofhisexperimentinalettertoCollinson.Figure7.4Franklinandhissonconduct-ingakiteexperimenttoattractlightn
5、ing.(PhotocourtesyoftheBumdyLibrary,DibnerInstitutefortheHistoryofScienceandTechnology.)Havingshownthatlightningwasanelectricdischarge.Franklinpursuedhisearlierspeculationthatalightningrodcouldperformthefunctionsofdischarginganapproachingcloud,andcould
6、alsoconductalightningflashharmlesslytomoistearth.Protectingagainstitsdevastationbyusinglightningrodscameslowlyoverthenextseveralyears.FatherProcopiusDivisch,aclergymaninMoravia,installedthefirstprimitivelightningrodin1754.In1760Franklinerectedoneonabui
7、ldinginPhiladelphia;WilliamWatsonerectedthefirstlightningrodinEnglandin1762.By1782therewereabout400rodsinPhiladelphia.Franklin'sreputationasanexperimenterwithelectricitygrewrapidly.InNovember1753,afterhissentry-boxandkiteexperiments,theRoyalSocietypres
8、entedhimtheSirGodfreyCopleyMedal,theirhighestaward.InMay1756hewaselectedaFellowoftheRoyalSociety.Thenewtechnology,however,facedseriousopposition,asdomanynewideas.Manypeoplethoughtthatlightningandthunderweretokensofdivinewrath,andconside
