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1、Chapter3ElectricalFunctionalMaterialsDefinition:materialswithspecialelectricalpropertiesorelectromericeffect（电性效应）.SemiconductormaterialsSuperconductingmaterialsConductivematerialsElectricalFunctionalMaterialsclassificationofelectricalfunctionalmateri
2、alsbasedontheconductivemechanism：electronconductionmaterialandionicconductionmaterial.electronconductionmaterial:semiconductor,conductorandsuperconductor：10-710-610-510-410-310-210-1100101102103104105106conductivityσS/minsulatorsemiconductorconductors
3、uperconductor：σ→∞themovementofanionfromonesitetoanotherthroughdefectsinthecrystallatticeofasolidoraqueoussolution,sotheconductivityissmallerbecausethetravellingspeedofionisslowerthanelectron,theconductivityisnomorethan102S/m，andusuallysmallerthan100S/
4、mionicconductionmaterial3.1Conductor（1）metal.theconductivityis107~108S/m;sliver（6.63×107S/m）、copper（5.85×107S/m）aluminum（3.45×107S/m）（2）alloy.theconductivityis105~107S/m;brass黄铜（1.60×107S/m）,nichrome镍铬合金（9.30×105S/m）（3）inorganicnonmetallic.theconducti
5、vityis105~108S/m.graphite石墨(2.5×106S/m).crystalstructureofgraphiteapplicationsofconductorsmetals：cable,electricalmachine,radiationshielding,battery,switch,sensor,informationtransmission,contactmaterial,etc，alloys:mainlyusedforresistancematerialandther
6、mocouplematerial,forexampleplatinum-rhodiumplatinumthermocouple（铂铑铂热电偶）inorganicnonmetallic：corrosionresistantconductorsandconductivefiller（导电填料）.3.2superconductorSuperconductivitywasdiscoveredonApril 8,1911byDutchphysicistHeikeKamerlinghOnnes,whowass
7、tudyingtheresistanceofsolidmercury(汞)atcryogenictemperatures（冷冻温度）usingtherecentlyproducedliquidhelium（液氦）asarefrigerant.Atthetemperatureof4.2K,heobservedthattheresistanceabruptlydisappeared.Theprecisedateandcircumstancesofthediscoverywereonlyreconstr
8、uctedacenturylater,whenOnnes'snotebookwasfound.DefinitionofsuperconductorsSuperconductivity isaphenomenonofexactlyzero electricalresistanceandexpulsionof magneticfieldsoccurringincertainmaterialswhen cooled belowacharacteristiccriticaltemperat
