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1、AntioxidantsandphotoprotectioninalichenascomparedwithitsisolatedsymbioticpartnersIlseKranner*†,W.JohnCram‡,MargretZorn*,SabineWornik*,IsaoYoshimura§,EdithStabentheiner*,andHartwigW.Pfeifhofer**InstituteofPlantSciences,Karl-FranzensUniversityofGraz,Schubertstrasse51,A-8010Graz,Austri
2、a,SchoolofBiology,UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne,NewcastleuponTyneNE17RU,UnitedKingdom;and§HattoriBotanicalLaboratory,KochiBranch,2576-27Edagawa,Inocho,Agawagun,Kochi781-2120,JapanEditedbyEnidMacRobbie,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom,andapprovedJanuary13,2005(receivedfo
3、rreviewOctober18,2004)Extremedesiccationandirradiationincreasetheformationof(1921).Free-radicalscavengersincludethetwomajorwater-reactiveoxygenspeciesinorganisms.Lichensarehighlyresistantsolubleantioxidants,glutathione[-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine;re-topotentialdamage,butitisnotknow
4、nwhetherbiochemicalducedglutathione(GSH)]andascorbate(vitaminC),andtheinteractionbetweentheirfungalandalgalpartnersisinvolvedinlipid-solublemembrane-boundROS-scavenger-tocopherol(vi-conferringstresstolerance.Here,weshowthatantioxidantandtaminE).Lichensalsocontainphenolicsecondarypr
5、oductswithphotoprotectivemechanismsinthelichenCladoniavulcaniareallegedantioxidantproperties(22).Someofthesefungalproductsmoreeffectivebyordersofmagnitudethanthoseofitsisolatedareimportantbecausetheycanactassun-screenpigmentsthatpartners.Whenalone,bothalgaandfungussufferoxidativepro
6、tectthealgafromirradiation.Wehavenotconsideredthemindamageduringdesiccation,butinthelichen,eachappearstothisstudy,becausetheyoccuronlyasextracellulardepositsand,induceup-regulationofprotectivesystemsintheother.Withouttherefore,areunlikelytohaveamajorantioxidantfunctioninvivo.thefung
7、alcontact,thealgatoleratesonlyverydimlightanditsOtherresearchershaveshownthatROSandredoxsignalingplayphotoprotectivesystemisonlypartiallyeffective;withouttheimportantrolesintheinteractionbetweenhigher-plantrootsandalga,theglutathione-basedantioxidantsystemofthefungusismicroorganisms
8、,suchasthelegumeRhi
