《E气体动理论》PPT课件

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1、IntroductionInourstudyofdynamics,wedevelopedmethodstocalculateenergy.Anobjecthavekineticenergy,gravitationalpotentialenergy,orelasticpotentialenergy.Tocalculatethetotalenergyofacollectionofobjects,wewouldsimplyaddupthecontributionsmadebyeachobject.However,manyphysicalsystemcontai

2、nanimpossiblylargenumberofseparateobject.Forinstance,ajugofwatercontainsanenormousnumberofwatermolecules,andwecanhardlycalculatetheenergyofthewaterbyaddingupthecontributionsfromeachmolecule.Whatcanwesayabouttheenergyofsuchasystemandenergyexchangesthatoccurwhenitinteractswithother

3、systems?Infollowingchapters,weconsiderthesequestions.Inchapter18,first,weseektodosousingonlymacroscopicphysicalproperties;bythiswemeanmeasurablepropertiesofbulksystemthattakenoheedofitsmicroscopicconstituents.Then,wewanttofindtherelationshipbetweenmacroscopicandmicroscopicphysica

4、lquantities.Inchapter19,weshallconcentrateonthefirstandsecondlawsofthermodynamics.Thefirstlawofthermo-dynamicsexpressestherelationshipmoreformallybyexplicitlyintroducingaheatflowtermintotheenergyconservation.Thisclarificationofenergyconservation,whichwasoneofthegreattriumphsofnin

5、eteenth-centuryphysics,arosealmostbyconsensusfromtheworkandthoughtsofmanyleadingscientistsofthetime.气体动理论和热力学基础ThefoundationsofGaskineticsandthermodynamics1研究对象物质的热运动和热运动与其它形式的运动之间相互转化所遵循的规律热现象及其规律组成宏观物体的大量微观粒子(分子、原子)的一种永不停息的无规则的运动。热运动：热现象：组成宏观物体的大量微观粒子热运动的集体表现凡是与温度有关的物理现象都是热现象.热

6、运动是热现象的微观实质热现象是热运动的宏观表现实例:物体受热温度升高,体积膨胀,冰受热融化为水等2研究方法以物质的分子、原子结构概念和分子热运动概念为基础,将微观运动和宏观运动相联系,应用统计的方法,解释并揭示物质宏观热现象及其有关规律的本质,确立宏观量和微观量之间的关系系。(1)热运动(2)微观量，宏观量(3)统计规律Gaskinetics气体动理论：(1)就整体而言,在一定状态下,物质具有一定的能量;(2)从一个状态过度到另一个状态,遵从一定规律Thermodynamics热力学：不涉及物质的微观结构，根据由观察和实验总结得出的热力学定律，从能量观点

7、出发，分析研究在物质状态变化过程中有关热功转化的关系和条件Chapter18Gaskinetics§1EquilibriumstateEquationofstate§2Pressureformulaforidealgas§3TemperatureandEnergy§4TheoremofequipartitionofenergyTheinternalenergyofideagas§5Maxwellspeeddistributionlaw§6MolecularmeancollisionfrequencyMeanfreepath§7Transportpheno

8、menaingas§8Application§1Equilibriumstate