Lecture1CASGS-纳米科学概论

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1、纳米结构物理学课程内容纳米科学概论,低维体系量子力学固体物理,表面/界面科学及材料生长简介纳米结构常用分析与制备方法纳米线(管,带,杆)团簇与晶粒磁性纳米结构及自旋电子学1nm=10-9m=10-3m=10Å纳米结构(Nanostructures):materialsystemswithlengthscaleof~1-100nminatleastonedimension2-D:quantumwells,thinfilms,2-Delectrongas1-D:quantumwires,nanowires,

2、nanotubes,nanorods0-D:quantumdots,macro-molecules,clusters,nano-crystallitesBetweenindividualatoms/moleculesandmacroscopicbulkmaterials:Mesoscopicstructures(介观结构),withdistinctpropertiesnotavailablefromatomsorbulkcrystals类型材料性质随体系尺度的变化：量变到质变Quantumconfinem

3、ent:quantizationandreduceddimensionalityofelectronicstatesQuantumcoherenceandde-coherenceSurface/interfacestatesMetastability,adjustablesizeandshape→PropertiestunableHighspeed,compactdensityandefficiencyUniquepropertiesofnanostructures:Twoapproachesinouru

4、nderstandingandexploitationofmaterialworld:fromthebottomupandfromthetopdownThebottom-upapproach:Atoms,simplemolecules(well-understoodsub-nmworld)→Macro-molecules,polymers…→clusters,crystallites,nanowires,bio-molecules…Thetop-downapproach:Bulkcrystals→Disc

5、retedevices→Integratedcircuits→LSI→VLSI→ULSI(~0.1-0.05m)→???→Shrinkingandshrinkingintodeepsub-0.1-m两种途径在纳米尺度相会Forup-to-dateEditionvisithttp://public.itrs.net半导体工业路线图Bottom-upapproachcandealwithsystemsconsistingof104atomsquiteaccurately纳米研究的目标Searchforn

6、ewphysicalphenomenaexistingatnanoscalesFabricatenano-deviceswithnovelfunctionsSearchforprocessestofabricatenanostructureswithhighaccuracyandlowcostExplorenewexperimentalandtheoreticaltoolstostudynanostructuresNanoscience&nanotechnology:Multi-disciplinarya

7、ndrapid-developing现状与未来:一个学术界，政府和产业部门高度重视的战略性研究领域Quantummechanicsoflow-dimensionalsystemsTime-independentSchrödingerequation:Freeparticle[withV(r)=0],planewave:(r,t)=Aexp(ik·r-iEt/ħ)Energyandmomentumoftheparticle:E=ħ=ħ2k2/(2m)=ħ2(kx2+ky2+kz2)/(2m)=(k)p

8、=ħkdeBrogliewavelength:=h/pProbabilityoffindingtheparticleatr:P(r,t)=

9、(r,t)

10、2Forafreeparticle,theprobabilityisthesameeverywherePotentialwell,quantizationandboundstates1Dpotentialwellofinfinitedepth:V(x)0axnnConf