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1、ColdreadingstrategiesAnearlierversionofthischapterwaspresentedatthe1991ParapsychologicalAssociationConvention(Roe,1991).IwouldliketothankProfessorMorris.othersattheunit,andtwoconferencerefereesfortheirhelpfulcommentsonearlierdraftsofthepaper.ThanksarealsoduetoR
2、ichardWisemanforhisassistanceinrunningthepilotstudy.ChrisA.RoePsychologyDivision,UniversityCollegeNorthampton1.IntroductionTherecanbelittledoubtthattherelativelyhighlevelsofbeliefinparanormalphenomenaamongmembersofthegeneralpopulationaredueinparttoimpressiveexp
3、erienceswhichtheywereunable,afterconsideration,toaccountforintermsofmoremundaneprocesses(cf.Schmeidler,1985).Irwin(1985),forexample,reportspersonalexperiencetobetheprimaryfactorloadingonbelief,irrespectiveofthebreadthofthemeasure.Onepotentiallyimportantsourceof
4、impressiveexperiencesisthroughinteractionswithprofessionalpsychicssuchaspalmistsandTarotreaders(Schouten,1993),andanumberofscepticalcommentatorshaveclaimed(withoutcitingparticularempiricalevidence)thatclientsaretypicallyimpressedwiththecontentofreadingstheyhave
5、solicited(Dutton,1988;Frenchetal..1991;Hyman,1989).Indeedtheredoesseemtobesomesupportfortheclaimthatpsychicreadingsarewell-regardedbyconsumers(e.g.Haraldsson,1985;Palmer,1979).Onerecentsurvey(Roe,1997)foundthatasurprisinglyhighproportion(29.5%)ofthesampledpopul
6、ationhadattendedareadingatsometime.Althoughsomeoftheseclientshadattendedonlyforentertainmentorothersocialreasons,theirreadingswereneverthelesstypicallyregardedasrelativelyaccurateandspecific,with50%ofattendeesbelievingtheexperiencetobeofsomevaluetothem.Thispict
7、urecontrastsquitesharplywithresearchinvestigatingprofessionalpsychicreaders,whichprovideslittleexperimentalevidencetosupporttheviewthattheyhaveparanormalaccesstoinformationabouttheirclients.Inthemostrecentandmostextensivereviewofquantitativestudiesevaluatingmat
8、erialproducedduringostensiblypsychicreadings,Schouten(1994)concludedthat"thereislittlereasontoexpectmediumsmoreoftentomakecorrectstatementsaboutmattersunknownatthetimethan..
