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1、AustraliaColonisation,NationhoodandMulticulturalismQuestionsWhywasAustraliasoundevelopedbeforeEuropeansarrived?WhatkindofnationdidAustralianssetup?WhatisAustralia’srelationswiththe‘mothercountry’andwiththeAborigines?Howdoesourunderstandingofhistoryaffectthefutur
2、e?IsAustraliaWestern,Asian,ormulticultural?ExtremeContrastsTheOutbackFiresDroughtsBasicStatisticsPopulation–22m25%bornoverseas43%haveatleastoneforeign-bornparent85%ofpop.urbanArableland:6.15%(incl.27Mhectaresoffarmedgrassland)110Msheep(10%oftheworldpopulation)Ma
3、inlyAnglo-CeltAboriginalAustraliaAlackofanimalsandplantssuitableforfarming(JaredDiamond–‘Guns,GermsandSteel’*)Nomadichunter-gatheringpeoples(300,000pop.)‘Dreamtime’:nature-worshippingreligionManytribesandlanguages.Nokingdomsorstates.“Historyfolloweddifferentcour
4、sesfordifferentpeoplesbecauseofdifferencesamongpeople'senvironments,notbecauseofbiologicaldifferencesamongpeoplesthemselves”(Diamond,J.‘Guns,Germs&Steel’,1997:p24).East–WestAxisEaseofspeciesspreadingManysuitablewildspeciesManydomesticatedspeciesFoodsurplusesFood
5、storageLarge,sedentary,hierarchicalsocietiesTechnologyFactorsinHistoricalDevelopmentDiamond1997,p87Diamond1997,p177WhywasAustraliaundeveloped?*http://you.video.sina.com.cn/b/12541365-1304948981.htmlAboriginesAfterColonisation(1788)Australiadeclaredtobe‘TerraNull
6、ius’–emptylandConflict&disease(90%died)Segregation&assimilationLanguages:250droppedto45.Pop.now150,000(2.2%)‘Historywars’:controversyoverhowtointerpretAustralianhistory.CaptainCook-explorerSegregatedinto‘Reservations’Stolengeneration:aboriginechildrentakenfromth
7、eirfamiliesPrisonColoniesConvictlabour:160,000,1788-1868(butresultedinalackofwomen).Also‘free’immigrantsattractedbylandandgold.Someforeignlabour(incl.Chinese)Butfreeimmigrantsopposedconvictandforeignlabourbecauseitaffectedwagerates‘Transportation’shipChinesetemp
8、leforimmigrantworkersTheGoldRushConvict(in‘irons’)TheAustralianState,1901WhiteAustraliapolicyrelaxedafterWW2SeparatecoloniesunitedintoasingleAustralianstatein1901Aust
