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时间:2019-05-07
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1、18thCenturyEnglishLiterature1Time:1660-1798EventsMarkingthePeriod:TheReturnoftheStuartstoEnglishThroneThefullAssertionofRomanticismLyricalBallads(1798)byWordsworthandColeridge2I.Anagefullofconflictsanddivergenceofvaluesconstantstrifebetweenthemonarchandtheparliamentbetweenthetwobigparties—theTor
2、iesandtheWhigsbetweenopposingreligioussectsbetweentherulingclassandthelaboringpoor3II.thefastdevelopmentofEnglandasanationAbroadavastexpansionofBritishcoloniesacontinuousincreaseofcolonialwealthandtrade4athomeActsofEnclosuremorelandintofewerprivilegedrichlandownersthousandsofsmallfarmersandtenan
3、tsofflandtobecomewageearnersinindustrialtowns5III.theessenceoftheIndustrialRevolutiona)freelaborfromthehomeb)freecapitalgatheredorplunderedfromthecoloniestowardsthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,Englandhadbecomethefirstpowerfulcapitalistcountryintheworld.6themajorforceoftheRevolutiontheBritishbour
4、geoisormiddleclass(Marxoncepointedout)arevolutionaryclasshadknownpovertyandhardshiphadobtainedtheirpresentsocialstatusthroughhardwork7Theybelievedinselfrestraint,self-relianceandhardwork.Towork,toeconomizeandtoaccumulatewealth------thewholemeaningoftheirlife.Thisaspectofsociallifeisbestfoundinthe
5、realisticnovelsofthecentury.8The18thcenturyEnglandalsoknownastheAgeofEnlightenmenttheAgeofReason9TheEnlightenmentMovementaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.afurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies10Itspurpose
6、:toenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas11Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationalityequalityscienceuniversaleducation12rationalityorreasonshouldbetheonly,thefinalcauseofanyhumanthoughtandactivities.whenreasonservedastheyardstickforthemeasurementofallhumanactivi
7、tiesandrelations,everysuperstition,injusticeandoppressionwastoyieldplaceto"eternaltruth,""eternaljustice"and"naturalequality'".13ThebeliefprovidedtheoryfortheFrenchRevolutionof1789theAmericanWarofIndependencein177614av
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