01了解微型计算机的硬件和软件

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1、微型计算机的硬件和软件　　ComputerHardware　　Acomputerisafastandaccuratesymbolprocessingsystem.Itcanaccept，store，processdataandproduceoutputresults.Acomputercanautomaticallyprocessdatawithouthumanintervention.However，itmustbegivenasetofinstructiontoguideit，stepbystep，throughprocesses.The

2、setofinstructionsiscalledaprogram，Theprogramisstoredphysicallyinsidethemachine，makingitaprogram.　　Allcomputersystemsofinteresttousaresimilar.Theycontainhardwarecomponentsforinput，centralprocessingunitandoutput.Thesystemonthesmall-scaleiscalledamicrocomputerorminicomputer.Co

3、ntinuingupthesizescale，themainframecomputerisonethatmayofferafasterprocessingspeedandagreaterstoragecapacitythanatypicalmini.Finallycomesthesupercomputer，designedtoprocesscomplexscientificapplications，whichisthelargestandfastest.　　Althoughthecapacityofcomputers'storagelocat

4、ionsisvaried，everycomputerstoresnumbers，letters，andothercharactersinacodedform.Everycharacterinthestorageisrepresentedbyastringof0sand1s，theonlydigitsfoundedinthebinarynumberingsystem.BCDandASCIIarepopularcomputercodes.　　CPU　　CPUistheabbreviationofCentralProcessingUnit，whic

5、histheheartofacomputerliketheheadofafamily.Oncethepowerofacomputeristurnedon，allthebehaviorsareunderthecontrolofCPU.CPUisinanironboxtogetherwithotherdevicessuchasdiskdrives，amainmemoryandaswitchingpowersupplyetc.InChinese，theironboxisconventionallycalledthemainframe.Ontheba

6、ckofthemainframebox，therearevariousports，withwhichCPUmaybelinkedwithinputandoutputdevices.　　Memory　　Primarymemoryisknownasrandomaccessmemory（RAM）andsimplenamedmemory.Itisthestorageareawithinthecomputerthatholdsprogramsanddataduringprocessing.Memoryisonlytemporarystoragearea

7、；whenprocessingiscomplete，memoryiscleared.Theuserneedstoloadorenterdataandprogramsintothecomputermemorywhenusinganyapplicationonthecomputer.　　Differentcomputershavedifferentamountsofmemoryspace，referredtoasmemorysize，rangingfrom4，8megabytesto64megabytes.Today，thememoriesofs

8、omemicrocomputersevencanbeexpandabletohundredsofmegabytes.　　Computersoftware　　Most