psy-review-高隽心理学导论期末复习

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1、Introduction•ThedefinitionofpsychologyThescientificstudyofbehaviorofindividualsandtheirmentalprocessesScientificmethod:alogicofinquiry&orderlystepstoanalyzeandsolveproblems&acquireknowledge.(“Evidence-based”&“Self-correcting”)Behavior:actionstakenbyorganismstoadjusttot

2、heirenvironment.(“Observable)Mentalprocesses:theworkingsofhumanmind,suchasthinking,memory.(“internalworld”)Individual:thetargetofthepsychologicalanalysis(“individualdifferences”)APA’sversion:“Psychologyisadiversediscipline,groundedinscience,butwithnearlyboundlessapplic

3、ationsineverydaylife”•FourgoalsofpsychologyUsingscientificmethodstoDescribe:makingaccurateandobjectiveobservationsaboutbehavior/phenomenonExplain/Understand:findingconsistentpatternsofbehaviors&mentalprocesses(innerdeterminantsandexternalones)Predict:makingstatementsab

4、outthelikelihoodofcertainbehaviororrelationshipControl/Influence:makingcertainbehavior/mentalprocessesappearordisappear(centralandmostpowerfulgoal)•SevenperspectivesandtheirmajorstancesPsychodynamicSigmundFreudandneo-psychodynamic–Theunconscious,innerforces&conflictsar

5、ethemaincausesunderlyingourbehaviors–TensionreductionisthepurposeofallbehaviorsBehavioralJohnWatsonandB.F.Skinner–Onlytheobservablebehaviorsaretargets–Stimuli-Responserelationship:environmentmatters–AnimalstudiesHumanistic“Thethirdwave”–Allmenstrivetoseekpositiveself-d

6、evelopmentandarecapableofmakingmeaningfulchoices(peopleareneitherdrivenbythepowerful,instinctiveforcespostulatedbytheFreudiansnormanipulatedbytheirenvironments,asproposedbythebehaviorists.)CarlRogers;AbrahamMaslow:self-actualizationCognitiveSeethroughthe“blackbox”:chal

7、lengingthebehaviorism–Subjectiverealitymatters:S-C-R–Thoughts(andalltheprocessesofknowing)arebothresultsandcausesofovertactions–Thedominatingperspective+neuroscienceBiologicalHowdothefunctionsofgenes,thebrain,thenervoussystemandtheendocrinesystemimpactbehaviorsandmenta

8、lprocesses?–Reductionism:eventhemostcomplexbehaviorscanbeexplained(?)bychemicalandelectricalactivitiesEvolutionaryDar