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1、英美文学SelectiveEssayQuestions1・RalphWaldoEmerson^influenceontheliteratureandintellectualthoughtofAmerica.HewasanAmericanessayist,philosopher,poetandleaderoftheTranscendentalistmovementintheearly19thcentury.EssaysareimportantworksofEmerson,whichconveythebestofhisphilosophicalargu
2、mentsandtranscendentalpursuits,suchasNaturepublishedin1836,consideredasamanifestoforTranscendentalism,andTheAmericanScholarin1837,consideredtobe"America'sIntellectualDeclarationofIndependence^^・Emerson'sTranscendentalismisactuallyaphilosophicalschoolwhichabsorbssomeideological
3、concernsofAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism,withitsfocusontheintuitiveknowledgeofhumanbeingstograsptheabsoluteintheuniverseandthedivinityofman.Basically,Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattain
4、ingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses"・Emersononceproclaimedinaspeech,“Nothingisatlastsacredbuttheintegrityofyourownmind.^^OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathat"natureisennobling^^and"theindividualisdivineand,therefore,selfreliant."Emerson'sphil
5、osophyhadinspiredalotofwriterssuchasThoreau,WhitmanandDickinson.2・TheVictorianladynovelists・TypicalVictorianladynovelistsaretheBrontesistersandGeorgeEliot.CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronteandtheirgiftedsisterAnneBrontecamefromalargefamilyofIrishorigin.Charlotteandhertwoyoungersister
6、shadagreatfondnessforliterature.In1845appearedavolumeofpoetryentitledPoemsbyCarreyEllisandActonBell(thepseudonymsofCharlotte,EmilyandAnne),butreceivedlittleattention.Thenthethreesistersturnedtonovelwriting・Charlotte'sfirstnovelTheProfessorwasrejectedbythepublisher,buthersecond
7、one,JaneEyre,wonimmediatesuccesswhenitappearedin1847;thesameyear,Emily'ssingleanduniqueworkWutheringHeightsandAnne'sAgnesGreywerealsopublished.SoontheywerefollowedbyAnne'sTheTenantofWildfellHall.AfterthedeathofEmilyandAnne,Charlottecontinuedwritingandpublishedhernextimportantn
8、ovelShirley.AnothernovelVilletteappearedin1853,hermostautobio
