植物营养学试题

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1、一、名词解释：1・截获：根系在土壤中牛长并与土壤颗粒表血接触，根系直接从所接触的土壤中获収养分。Rootsinsoilsandsurfacecontactwiththesoilparticles,rootsdirectlyfromthesoiltogetincontactwithnutrients・2.扩散：离子态养分从高浓度向低浓度迁移。Ionicnutrientsfromhightolowerconcentrationsmigration.3•质流：土壤中的养分随着水分的迁移由土体到达根系，或者含冇可溶性养分的土壤溶液沿水势梯度迁移。Soil

2、nutrientswiththewaterreachtherootsofmigrationfromthesoil,orsoilsolutioncontainingsolublenutrientsmigratealongthewaterpotentialgradient.4.被动吸收：指细胞不消耗代谢能量，而通过扩散作用或其它物理过程顺化学势梯度、没有选择性吸收过程。Passiveabsorptionisthemetabolismofcellsdonotconsumeenergy,butbydiffusionorotherphysicalproce

3、ssesalongthechemicalpotentialgradient,thereisnoselectiveabsorptionprocess.5.主动吸收：指细胞利用代谢能最逆着浓度梯度在转运蛋白的参与下吸收矿质元素的过程。Activecibsorptioncellisgoingagainsttheconcentrationgradientusingtheenergymetabolismofproteinsinvolvedinthetransportofmineralelementstoabsorbtheprocess・6.养分归还学说:植

4、物以不同方式从土壤屮吸收矿质养分，使土壤养分逐渐减少，连续种植会使土壤贫瘠，为了保持土壤肥力，就必须把植物带走的矿质养分和氮索以施肥的方式归还给土壤。Itmustbeborneinmindthatasaprincipleofarablefarming,whatistakenfromthesoilmustbereturntoitinfullmeasures.7・最小养分率:作物产量受土壤中相当含虽最少的养分所控制，作物产量的高低则随最小养分补充量的多少而变化。Acrop'syieldisrestrictedbythelackofasingleele

5、ment,eventhoughtheremaybesufficientquantitiesofallotheressentialelements.&报酬递减率：随着对作物投入的増加，作物产量的增加是逐渐减少的。Theresponseofaplanttotheadditionofagrowthfactorswillbecomesmallerandsmallerastheamountofthegrowthfactorincreases.9.作物营养期：作物通过根系由土壤屮吸收养分的整个时期，就叫作物的营养期。Cropsthroughtherootsy

6、stemtoabsorbnutrientsfromthesoilintheentireperiod,calledthevegetativecrops・10・作物营养的阶段性：作物营养期包括几个不同的营养阶段，各阶段对营养元素的吸收规律为：生长初期吸收的数量和强度都较低，随着生长期的推移，对营养物质的吸收逐渐增加，到成熟阶段又趋于减少。CropnutritionsUigeincludeseveraldifferentnutritionalstages,eachstageofnutrientabsorptionlaware:theinitialgro

7、wthofthenumberandintensityoftheabsorptionarelow,withthegrowingseasongoeson,theabsorptionofnutrientsgraduallyincreased,toamaturestageandtendstodecrease・11.作物的种子营养期:作物靠种子中贮存的物质进行营养的整个吋期叫作物的种子营养期。Cropseedsstoredbysubstancescallednutrientsthroughouttheperiodofvegetcitiveseedcrops

8、.11.营养临界期:植物纶长发育的某一吋期，对某种养分要求的绝对数量不多但很迫切，并R当阳分供应不足或元素间数量不平衡是讲对植物生长发育