内分泌系统下丘脑与垂体

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1、内分泌系统——下丘脑与垂体1.内分泌系统的主要组成、特征Hypothalamusandpituitaryareanatomicallyconnectedbyneuro-hypophysealstalk.Hypothalamus-pituitaryunitformsthemostcomplexandthemostdominantcomponentofentireendocrinesystem.2.内分泌系统和神经系统的比较Nervoussystemperformsshorttermcrisismanagement;Endocrinesystemregulateslongt

2、ermongoingmetabolic;Endocrinecommunicationiscarriedoutbyendocrinecellsreleasinghormones:-Altermetabolicactivitiesoftissuesandorgans-TargetcellsParacrinecommunicationinvolveschemicalmessengersbetweencellswithinonetissue3.下丘脑的主要功能：homeostaticmechanisms:regulationofbodytemperature,waterbala

3、nce,andenergyproduction,etc.;regulationofthebehavioraldrivesofthirst,hunger,andsexualbehavior,etc..4.神经内分泌概念5.下丘脑—垂体门脉系统：1)Almostallsecretionbythepituitaryiscontrolledbyeitherhormonalornervoussignalsfromhypothalamus.2)Hypothalamusisthehighestintegrativecenterintheendocrinehierarchy.These

4、cretionofhypothalamichormonesispulsatilewhichiscriticalformaintainingnormalsecretionofpituitary.3)Secretionfromtheposteriorpituitaryiscontrolledbynervoussignalsthatoriginateinthehypothalamusandterminateintheposteriorpituitary.4)Secretionbytheanteriorpituitaryiscontrolledbyhormonescalledh

5、ypothalamicreleasing/inhibitoryhormones(orfactors).Thesefactorsaresecretedintotheinterstitialfluidinmedianeminenceofhypothalamusandabsorbedintothecapillaries,whichisthenconductedtotheanteriorpituitarythroughthehypothalamic-hypophysealportalvessels.Intheanteriorpituitary,thehypothalamicre

6、leasingorinhibitoryhormonesactontheendocrinecellstocontroltheirsecretion.6.下丘脑释放/抑制激素及其垂体靶标:Formostoftheanteriorpituitaryhormones,thereleasinghormonesareimportant,butforprolactin,PIHexertsthemostcontrol7.下丘脑—垂体——靶腺轴:1)Hypothalamusregulatespituitarysecretion;thenpituitaryregulatestheperip

7、heralglandssecretion.Thisisknownashypothalamic-pituitary-peripheralglandaxis.2)Althoughtheplasmaconcentrationofmanyhormonesfluctuatesinresponsetovariousstimulationsthatoccurthroughouttheday,allhormonesarenicelyandcloselycontrolled.Inmostinstances,thiscontrolisachievedthro